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Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond...
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Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Crystallography and Physical Chemistry of Minerals & Nanominerals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 February 2020) | Viewed by 66984

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Igor Sharygin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Institute of the Earth’s Crust, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia
2. Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: kimberlites and related rocks; mantle xenoliths and their minerals; inclusions in mantle-derived minerals; intraplate magmatism; mantle melts/fluids; kimberlite indicator minerals; diamonds; experimental petrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Dmitry Zedgenizov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
V.S. Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: diamonds; mantle rocks and minerals; inclusions in diamonds; carbon; nitrogen; mantle melts/fluids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Kimberlites are igneous rocks that represent the deepest magmas originated from the mantle (> 150 km) and typically occur within cratons. Studies of kimberlites and their mantle xenoliths provide fundamentally important information about the composition, structure, and melting history of the subcratonic mantle. Kimberlites are also economically important, as they are a major source of diamonds. Kimberlites are hybrid rocks consisting of minerals of different origins: xenogenic minerals produced by the fragmentation of foreign mantle and crustal rocks, primary minerals crystallized from kimberlite melt, and later minerals formed during the post-magmatic alteration of kimberlites. The mineralogy of individual kimberlites may be extremely variable and complex. Garnet, chromite, ilmenite, chromium diopside, and olivine occur in kimberlites in significantly higher quantities than diamonds. As kimberlite indicator minerals, they are used for diamond prospecting, as well as for the primary assessment of whether a target kimberlite is diamond-bearing or not. Thus, the interpretation of mineralogical data is essential for an understanding of both kimberlite petrogenesis and diamond potential.

This Special Issue aims to cover research topics related to different aspects of kimberlite mineralogy, including groundmass mineralogy, diamonds, diamond inclusions, mantle xenoliths, and kimberlite indicator minerals, etc. Papers on kimberlite-related rocks (lamproites, lamprophyres, etc.) and those presenting high temperature and high pressure experimental data on kimberlite mineralogy are also welcome.

Dr. Igor Sharygin
Prof. Dr. Dmitry Zedgenizov
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Kimberlite
Magma
Mantle
Melt
Diamond
Craton
Lithosphere
Mantle xenoliths
Kimberlite indicator minerals

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Published Papers (17 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 166 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for Special Issue “Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas”
by Igor S. Sharygin and Dmitry A. Zedgenizov
Minerals 2020, 10(11), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10110976 - 02 Nov 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1977
Abstract
Kimberlites are igneous rocks that represent the deepest magmas originated from the mantle (>150 km) and typically occur within cratons [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

22 pages, 6931 KiB  
Article
Oxidation State of the Lithospheric Mantle Beneath Komsomolskaya–Magnitnaya Kimberlite Pipe, Upper Muna Field, Siberian Craton
by Anna Dymshits, Igor Sharygin, Zhe Liu, Nester Korolev, Vladimir Malkovets, Taisia Alifirova, Igor Yakovlev and Yi-Gang Xu
Minerals 2020, 10(9), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10090740 - 21 Aug 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3348
Abstract
The oxidation state of the mantle plays an important role in many chemical and physical processes, including magma genesis, the speciation of volatiles, metasomatism and the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere. We report the first data on the redox state of the subcontinental [...] Read more.
The oxidation state of the mantle plays an important role in many chemical and physical processes, including magma genesis, the speciation of volatiles, metasomatism and the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere. We report the first data on the redox state of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the Komsomolskaya–Magnitnaya kimberlite pipe (KM), Upper Muna field, central Siberian craton. The oxygen fugacity of the KM peridotites ranges from −2.6 to 0.3 logarithmic units relative to the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer (∆logfO2 (FMQ)) at depths of 120–220 km. The enriched KM peridotites are more oxidized (−1.0–0.3 ∆logfO2 (FMQ)) than the depleted ones (from −1.4 to −2.6 ∆logfO2 (FMQ)). The oxygen fugacity of some enriched samples may reflect equilibrium with carbonate or carbonate-bearing melts at depths >170 km. A comparison of well-studied coeval Udachnaya and KM peridotites revealed similar redox conditions in the SCLM of the Siberian craton beneath these pipes. Nevertheless, Udachnaya peridotites show wider variations in oxygen fugacity (−4.95–0.23 ∆logfO2 (FMQ)). This indicates the presence of more reduced mantle domains in the Udachnaya SCLM. In turn, the established difference in the redox conditions is a good explanation for the lower amounts of resorbed diamonds in the Udachnaya pipe (12%) in comparison with the KM kimberlites (33%). The obtained results advocate a lateral heterogeneity in the oxidation state of the Siberian SCLM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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20 pages, 3407 KiB  
Article
Thermal State, Thickness, and Composition of the Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Upper Muna Kimberlite Field (Siberian Craton) Constrained by Clinopyroxene Xenocrysts and Comparison with Daldyn and Mirny Fields
by Anna M. Dymshits, Igor S. Sharygin, Vladimir G. Malkovets, Igor V. Yakovlev, Anastasia A. Gibsher, Taisia A. Alifirova, Sofya S. Vorobei, Sergey V. Potapov and Viktor K. Garanin
Minerals 2020, 10(6), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060549 - 18 Jun 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3279
Abstract
To gain better insight into the thermal state and composition of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Upper Muna kimberlite field (Siberian craton), a suite of 323 clinopyroxene xenocrysts and 10 mantle xenoliths from the Komsomolskaya-Magnitnaya (KM) pipe have been studied. We selected 188 [...] Read more.
To gain better insight into the thermal state and composition of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Upper Muna kimberlite field (Siberian craton), a suite of 323 clinopyroxene xenocrysts and 10 mantle xenoliths from the Komsomolskaya-Magnitnaya (KM) pipe have been studied. We selected 188 clinopyroxene grains suitable for precise pressure (P)-temperature (T) estimation using single-clinopyroxene thermobarometry. The majority of P-T points lie along a narrow, elongated field in P-T space with a cluster of high-T and high-P points above 1300 °C, which deviates from the main P-T trend. The latter points may record a thermal event associated with kimberlite magmatism (a “stepped” or “kinked” geotherm). In order to eliminate these factors, the steady-state mantle paleogeotherm for the KM pipe at the time of initiation of kimberlite magmatism (Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous) was constrained by numerical fitting of P-T points below T = 1200 °C. The obtained mantle paleogeotherm is similar to the one from the nearby Novinka pipe, corresponding to a ~34–35 mW/m2 surface heat flux, 225–230 km lithospheric thickness, and 110–120 thick “diamond window” for the Upper Muna field. Coarse peridotite xenoliths are consistent in their P-T estimates with the steady-state mantle paleogeotherm derived from clinopyroxene xenocrysts, whereas porphyroclastic ones plot within the cluster of high-T and high-P clinopyroxene xenocrysts. Discrimination using Cr2O3 demonstrates that peridotitic clinopyroxene xenocrysts are prevalent (89%) among all studied 323 xenocrysts, suggesting that the Upper Muna mantle is predominantly composed of peridotites. Clinopyroxene-poor or -free peridotitic rocks such as harzburgites and dunites may be evident at depths of 140–180 km in the Upper Muna mantle. Judging solely from the thermal considerations and the thickness of the lithosphere, the KM and Novinka pipes should have excellent diamond potential. However, all pipes in the Upper Muna field have low diamond grades (<0.9, in carats/ton), although the lithosphere thickness is almost similar to the values obtained for the high-grade Udachnaya and Mir pipes from the Daldyn and Mirny fields, respectively. Therefore, other factors have affected the diamond grade of the Upper Muna kimberlite field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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24 pages, 13190 KiB  
Article
Metasomatic Evolution of Coesite-Bearing Diamondiferous Eclogite from the Udachnaya Kimberlite
by Denis Mikhailenko, Alexander Golovin, Andrey Korsakov, Sonja Aulbach, Axel Gerdes and Alexey Ragozin
Minerals 2020, 10(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040383 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3385
Abstract
A coesite-bearing diamondiferous eclogite from the Udachnaya kimberlite (Daldyn field, Siberian craton) has been studied to trace its complex evolution recorded in rock-forming and minor mineral constituents. The eclogite sample is composed of rock-forming omphacite (60 vol%), garnet (35 vol%) and quartz/coesite (5 [...] Read more.
A coesite-bearing diamondiferous eclogite from the Udachnaya kimberlite (Daldyn field, Siberian craton) has been studied to trace its complex evolution recorded in rock-forming and minor mineral constituents. The eclogite sample is composed of rock-forming omphacite (60 vol%), garnet (35 vol%) and quartz/coesite (5 vol%) and contains intergranular euhedral zoned olivine crystals, up to 200 µm long, coexisting with phlogopite, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene (secondary), K-feldspar, plagioclase, spinel, sodalite and djerfisherite. Garnet grains are zoned, with a relatively homogeneous core and a more magnesian overgrowth rim. The rim zones further differ from the core in having higher Zr/Y (6 times that in the cores), ascribed to interaction with, or precipitation from, a kimberlite-related melt. Judging by pressure-temperature estimates (~1200 °C; 6.2 GPa), the xenolith originated at depths of ~180–200 km at the base of the continental lithosphere. The spatial coexistence of olivine, orthopyroxene and coesite/quartz with K-Na-Cl minerals in the xenolith indicates that eclogite reacted with a deep-seated kimberlite melt. However, Fe-rich olivine, orthopyroxene and low-pressure minerals (sodalite and djerfisherite) likely result from metasomatic reaction at shallower depths during transport of the eclogite by the erupting kimberlite melt. Our results demonstrate that a mixed eclogitic-peridotitic paragenesis, reported previously from inclusions in diamond, can form by interaction of eclogite and a kimberlite-related melt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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18 pages, 3220 KiB  
Article
Types of Xenogenic Olivine from Siberian Kimberlites
by Nikolay S. Tychkov, Alexey M. Agashev, Nikolay P. Pokhilenko, Vladimir A. Tsykh and Nikolay V. Sobolev
Minerals 2020, 10(4), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040302 - 27 Mar 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2905
Abstract
This work is devoted to the systematization of the composition of xenogenic olivine from kimberlites as the main mineral composing the lithospheric mantle. Based on data on the composition of olivines from xenoliths and megacrysts from kimberlites, a general division into four types [...] Read more.
This work is devoted to the systematization of the composition of xenogenic olivine from kimberlites as the main mineral composing the lithospheric mantle. Based on data on the composition of olivines from xenoliths and megacrysts from kimberlites, a general division into four types is proposed: olivines of ultrahigh-temperature (HTP-1), high-temperature (HTP-2) and low-temperature (LTP) peridotites, as well as olivines of low-chromium megacryst association (MCA). The separation scheme uses the CaO content as an indicator of the formation temperature and the Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio as an indicator of the degree of enrichment in olivines. In contrast to Al, the Ca content in olivines from cratonic peridotites is high enough to use only EPMA when applying the proposed scheme. According to this scheme the study of more than 1500 individual olivine xenocrysts from a number of kimberlite bodies of the Siberian platform was made. It revealed three characteristic distributions of olivine types: without high-temperature differences (Obnazhennaya pipe), with significant development of HTP-2 (Olivinovaya and Vtorogodnitsa pipes), and with a significant development of HTP-1 (Dianga pipe). Only the latter type of distribution is characterized by the presence of a noticeable amount of megacryst association olivines. The study of other minor elements (TiO2 and NiO) in olivines allowed us to propose a model for the formation of high-temperature olivines of two different types due to the interaction of megacryst melt of various fractionation stages on depleted rocks of the lithospheric mantle. HTP-2 olivines arose upon exposure to a fractionated melt of the late stages of crystallization, and HTP-1 olivines appeared upon exposure to unfractionated (less enriched with incompatible components) megacryst melt at higher temperatures of the initial stage of crystallization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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33 pages, 8967 KiB  
Article
A Plethora of Epigenetic Minerals Reveals a Multistage Metasomatic Overprint of a Mantle Orthopyroxenite from the Udachnaya Kimberlite
by Dmitriy I. Rezvukhin, Taisia A. Alifirova, Alexander V. Golovin and Andrey V. Korsakov
Minerals 2020, 10(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10030264 - 14 Mar 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3302
Abstract
More than forty mineral species of epigenetic origin have been identified in an orthopyroxenite from the Udachnaya-East kimberlite pipe, Daldyn kimberlite field, Siberian platform. Epigenetic phases occur as: (1) Mineral inclusions in the rock-forming enstatite, (2) daughter minerals within large (up to 2 [...] Read more.
More than forty mineral species of epigenetic origin have been identified in an orthopyroxenite from the Udachnaya-East kimberlite pipe, Daldyn kimberlite field, Siberian platform. Epigenetic phases occur as: (1) Mineral inclusions in the rock-forming enstatite, (2) daughter minerals within large (up to 2 mm) crystallized melt inclusions (CMI) in the rock-forming enstatite, and (3) individual grains and intergrowths in the intergranular space of the xenolith. The studied minerals include silicates (olivine, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, tetraferriphlogopite, amphibole-supergroup minerals, serpentine-group minerals, talc), oxides (several generations of ilmenite and spinel, rutile, perovskite, rare titanates of the crichtonite, magnetoplumbite and hollandite groups), carbonates (calcite, dolomite), sulfides (pentlandite, djerfisherite, pyrrhotite), sulfate (barite), phosphates (apatite and phosphate with a suggested crystal-chemical formula Na2BaMg[PO4]2), oxyhydroxide (goethite), and hydroxyhalides (kuliginite, iowaite). The examined epigenetic minerals are interpreted to have crystallized at different time spans after the formation of the host rock. The genesis of minerals is ascribed to a series of processes metasomatically superimposed onto the orthopyroxenite, i.e., deep-seated mantle metasomatism, infiltration of a kimberlite-related melt and late post-emplacement hydrothermal alterations. The reaction of orthopyroxene with the kimberlite-related melt has led to orthopyroxene dissolution and formation of the CMI, the latter being surrounded by complex reaction zones and containing zoned olivine grains with extremely high-Mg# (up to 99) cores. This report highlights the utility of minerals present in minor volume proportions in deciphering the evolution and modification of mantle fragments sampled by kimberlitic and other deep-sourced magmas. The obtained results further imply that the whole-rock geochemical analyses of mantle-derived samples should be treated with care due to possible drastic contaminations from “hiding” minor phases of epigenetic origin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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14 pages, 3134 KiB  
Article
Interphase REE Partitioning at the Boundary between the Earth’s Transition Zone and Lower Mantle: Evidence from Experiments and Atomistic Modeling
by Anastasia P. Tamarova, Ekaterina I. Marchenko, Andrey V. Bobrov, Nikolay N. Eremin, Nina G. Zinov’eva, Tetsuo Irifune, Takafumi Hirata and Yoshiki Makino
Minerals 2020, 10(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10030262 - 14 Mar 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2707
Abstract
Trace elements play a significant role in interpretation of different processes in the deep Earth. However, the systematics of interphase rare-earth element (REE) partitioning under the conditions of the uppermost lower mantle are poorly understood. We performed high-pressure experiments to study the phase [...] Read more.
Trace elements play a significant role in interpretation of different processes in the deep Earth. However, the systematics of interphase rare-earth element (REE) partitioning under the conditions of the uppermost lower mantle are poorly understood. We performed high-pressure experiments to study the phase relations in key solid-phase reactions CaMgSi2O6 = CaSiO3-perovskite + MgSiO3-bridgmanite and (Mg,Fe)2SiO4-ringwoodite = (Mg,Fe)SiO3-bridgmanite + (Mg,Fe)O with addition of 1 wt % of REE oxides. Atomistic modeling was used to obtain more accurate quantitative estimates of the interphase REE partitioning and displayed the ideal model for the high-pressure minerals. HREE (Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) are mostly accumulated in bridgmanite, while LREE are predominantly redistributed into CaSiO3. On the basis of the results of experiments and atomistic modeling, REE in bridgmanite are clearly divided into two groups (from La to Gd and from Gd to Lu). Interphase REE partition coefficients in solid-state reactions were calculated at 21.5 and 24 GPa for the first time. The new data are applicable for interpretation of the trace-element composition of the lower mantle inclusions in natural diamonds from kimberlite; the experimentally determined effect of pressure on the interphase (bridgmanite/CaSiO3-perovskite) REE partition coefficients can be a potential qualitative geobarometer for mineral inclusions in super-deep diamonds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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14 pages, 23494 KiB  
Article
Deformation Features of Super-Deep Diamonds
by Alexey Ragozin, Dmitry Zedgenizov, Vladislav Shatsky, Konstantin Kuper and Hiroyuki Kagi
Minerals 2020, 10(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10010018 - 24 Dec 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4620
Abstract
The paper presents new data on the internal structure of super-deep (sublithospheric) diamonds from Saõ-Luiz river placers (Brazil) and from alluvial placers of the northeastern Siberian platform (Yakutia). The sublithospheric origin of these diamonds is supported by the presence of mineral inclusions corresponding [...] Read more.
The paper presents new data on the internal structure of super-deep (sublithospheric) diamonds from Saõ-Luiz river placers (Brazil) and from alluvial placers of the northeastern Siberian platform (Yakutia). The sublithospheric origin of these diamonds is supported by the presence of mineral inclusions corresponding to associations of the transition zone and lower mantle. The features of morphology and internal structure have been studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cathodoluminescence topography (CL), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. Diamonds typically have complicated growth histories displaying alternating episodes of growth, dissolution, and post-growth deformation and crushing processes. Most crystals have endured both plastic and brittle deformation during the growth history. Abundant deformation and resorption/growth features suggest a highly dynamic growth environment for super-deep diamonds. High temperatures expected in the transition zone and lower mantle could explain the plastic deformations of super-deep diamonds with low nitrogen content. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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12 pages, 4734 KiB  
Article
Mixed-Habit Type Ib-IaA Diamond from an Udachnaya Eclogite
by Dmitry Zedgenizov, Irina Bogush, Vladislav Shatsky, Oleg Kovalchuk, Alexey Ragozin and Viktoriya Kalinina
Minerals 2019, 9(12), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9120741 - 29 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3154
Abstract
The variety of morphology and properties of natural diamonds reflects variations in the conditions of their formation in different mantle environments. This study presents new data on the distribution of impurity centers in diamond type Ib-IaA from xenolith of bimineral eclogite from the [...] Read more.
The variety of morphology and properties of natural diamonds reflects variations in the conditions of their formation in different mantle environments. This study presents new data on the distribution of impurity centers in diamond type Ib-IaA from xenolith of bimineral eclogite from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe. The high content of non-aggregated nitrogen C defects in the studied diamonds indicates their formation shortly before the stage of transportation to the surface by the kimberlite melt. The observed sectorial heterogeneity of the distribution of C- and A-defects indicates that aggregation of nitrogen in the octahedral sectors occurs faster than in the cuboid sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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17 pages, 5026 KiB  
Article
Origin and Evolution of High-Mg Carbonatitic and Low-Mg Carbonatitic to Silicic High-Density Fluids in Coated Diamonds from Udachnaya Kimberlite Pipe
by Nikolai Gubanov, Dmitry Zedgenizov, Igor Sharygin and Alexey Ragozin
Minerals 2019, 9(12), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9120734 - 28 Nov 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3124
Abstract
Microinclusions of high-density fluids (HDFs) were studied in coated diamonds from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Siberian craton, Russia). The presence of C-centers in the coats testifies to their formation shortly before kimberlite eruption, whereas the cores have much longer mantle residence in chemically [...] Read more.
Microinclusions of high-density fluids (HDFs) were studied in coated diamonds from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Siberian craton, Russia). The presence of C-centers in the coats testifies to their formation shortly before kimberlite eruption, whereas the cores have much longer mantle residence in chemically different mantle substrates, i.e., peridotite-type (P-type) and eclogite-type (E-type). The carbon isotope composition indicates an isotopically homogeneous carbon source for coats and a heterogeneous source for cores. Microinclusions in the coats belong to two groups: high-Mg carbonatitic and low-Mg carbonatitic to silicic. A relationship was found between high-Mg carbonatitic HDFs and peridotitic host rocks and between low-Mg carbonatitic to silicic and eclogites. The composition of high-Mg carbonatitic HDFs with a “planed” trace-element pattern can evolve to low-Mg carbonatitic to silicic during percolation through different mantle rocks. The compositional variations of microinclusions in the coats reflect this evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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18 pages, 3015 KiB  
Article
Phlogopite-Forming Reactions as Indicators of Metasomatism in the Lithospheric Mantle
by Oleg Safonov, Valentina Butvina and Evgenii Limanov
Minerals 2019, 9(11), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9110685 - 06 Nov 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4870
Abstract
Phlogopite is widely accepted as a major mineral indicator of the modal metasomatism in the upper mantle within a very wide P–T range. The paper reviews data on various phlogopite-forming reactions in upper-mantle peridotites. The review includes both descriptions of naturally occurring reactions [...] Read more.
Phlogopite is widely accepted as a major mineral indicator of the modal metasomatism in the upper mantle within a very wide P–T range. The paper reviews data on various phlogopite-forming reactions in upper-mantle peridotites. The review includes both descriptions of naturally occurring reactions and results of experiments that model some of these reactions. Relations of phlogopite with other potassic phases, such as K-richterite, sanidine and K-titanates, are discussed. These data are taken as a basis for thermodynamic modeling of the phlogopite-forming reactions for specific mantle rocks in terms of log(aH2O) − log(aK2O) diagrams (pseudosections) using the Gibbs free energy minimization. These diagrams allow estimation of potassium-water activity relations during metasomatic transformations of mantle rocks, prediction sequences of mineral assemblages with respect to these parameters and comparison of metasomatic processes in the rocks of different composition. This approach is illustrated by examples from peridotite xenoliths from kimberlites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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16 pages, 5474 KiB  
Article
Formation Sequence of Different Spinel Species in Megacrystalline Peridotites of the Udachnaya-East Kimberlite Pipe (Yakutia): Evidence for the Metasomatism of Depleted Mantle
by Lyudmila Pokhilenko
Minerals 2019, 9(10), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9100607 - 03 Oct 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4708
Abstract
The large compositional variations in spinels from extremely depleted, megacrystalline harzburgite–dunites in the Udachnaya-East kimberlite pipe, Yakutia, apparently reflect multistage metasomatism. Changes in the redox regime are reflected in the compositions of different parts of mineral grains. From most reduced to most oxidized, [...] Read more.
The large compositional variations in spinels from extremely depleted, megacrystalline harzburgite–dunites in the Udachnaya-East kimberlite pipe, Yakutia, apparently reflect multistage metasomatism. Changes in the redox regime are reflected in the compositions of different parts of mineral grains. From most reduced to most oxidized, spinel compositions divide into: (1) primary (rock-forming) Cr-spinel and spinel from the central parts of sulfide grains, (2) spinel from microcracks in olivine, (3) spinel in kelyphitic rim around garnet between garnet and olivine (Rim1 and Rim2 spinel), and (4) spinel in transformed kelyphitic rim around garnet between garnet and kimberlite (Rim3 spinel). P-T conditions for the vast majority of samples, calculated using the composition of primary Cr-spinel, fall in the diamond stability field. A change in the composition of spinels of different generations occurs along the sides of the classical triangle of spinel compositions Al–Cr–Fe3+: (1) Rim2 to Rim1 spinel—Al–Cr trend, (2) primary Cr-spinel to magnetite rim in the edge—Cr–Fe3+ (kimberlite) trend, (3) replacing Rim1 to Rim3—Al–Fe3+ trend. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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11 pages, 1993 KiB  
Article
Silicate Melt Inclusions in Diamonds of Eclogite Paragenesis from Placers on the Northeastern Siberian Craton
by Vladislav Shatsky, Dmitry Zedgenizov, Alexey Ragozin and Viktoriya Kalinina
Minerals 2019, 9(7), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9070412 - 05 Jul 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3382
Abstract
New findings of silicate-melt inclusions in two alluvial diamonds (from the Kholomolokh placer, northeastern Siberian Platform) are reported. Both diamonds exhibit a high degree of N aggregation state (60–70% B) suggesting their long residence in the mantle. Raman spectral analysis revealed that the [...] Read more.
New findings of silicate-melt inclusions in two alluvial diamonds (from the Kholomolokh placer, northeastern Siberian Platform) are reported. Both diamonds exhibit a high degree of N aggregation state (60–70% B) suggesting their long residence in the mantle. Raman spectral analysis revealed that the composite inclusions consist of clinopyroxene and silicate glass. Hopper crystals of clinopyroxene were observed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopic analyses; these are different in composition from the omphacite inclusions that co-exist in the same diamonds. The glasses in these inclusions contain relatively high SiO2, Al2O3, Na2O and, K2O. These composite inclusions are primary melt that partially crystallised at the cooling stage. Hopper crystals of clinopyroxene imply rapid cooling rates, likely related to the uplift of crystals in the kimberlite melt. The reconstructed composition of such primary melts suggests that they were formed as the product of metasomatised mantle. One of the most likely source of melts/fluids metasomatising the mantle could be a subducted slab. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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15 pages, 3220 KiB  
Article
Geochemistry of Magmatic and Xenocrystic Spinel in the No.30 Kimberlite Pipe (Liaoning Province, North China Craton): Constraints on Diamond Potential
by Ren-Zhi Zhu, Pei Ni, Jun-Ying Ding and Guo-Guang Wang
Minerals 2019, 9(6), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9060382 - 24 Jun 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3904
Abstract
There are two genetic types of spinel (magmatic spinel crystallizing directly from kimberlite magma and xenocrystic spinel derived from mantle xenoliths) in the No.30 kimberlite pipe (Liaoning Province, North China Craton). Their geochemistry is investigated to reveal processes of diamond capture and resorption [...] Read more.
There are two genetic types of spinel (magmatic spinel crystallizing directly from kimberlite magma and xenocrystic spinel derived from mantle xenoliths) in the No.30 kimberlite pipe (Liaoning Province, North China Craton). Their geochemistry is investigated to reveal processes of diamond capture and resorption during kimberlite magmatism to constrain the diamond potential. Magmatic spinels are mostly euhedral to subhedral, 20 to 60 µm in size, and have compositional zones: the cores are classified as chromite with high Cr and Mg contents, and the rims are classified as magnetite with low Cr and high ferric Fe. The compositional trends suggest that magmatic spinel and olivine phenocrysts are crystallized contemporaneously during the early stages of kimberlite crystallization. During this period, temperature (T) and oxygen fugacity (fO2) values calculated at an assumed pressure of 1 GPa are in the range of 994–1274 °C and 1.6–2.4 log fO2 units below the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) buffer, respectively. The high values of fO2 suggest heavy diamond resorption during kimberlite magmatism. Estimated temperatures of xenocrystic spinel range from 828 to 1394 °C, and their distributions indicate that only a small proportion of xenocrystic spinels are derived from the diamond stabilization field, which suggests a low potential of diamond capture. The low diamond capture and heavy diamond resorption during kimberlite magmatism contributed to the low diamond grade of the No.30 kimberlite. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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15 pages, 4504 KiB  
Article
Diamond-Bearing Root Beneath the Northern East European Platform (Arkhangelsk Region, Russia): Evidence from Cr-Pyrope Trace-Element Geochemistry
by Elena V. Shchukina, Alexey M. Agashev and Vladimir S. Shchukin
Minerals 2019, 9(5), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9050261 - 30 Apr 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3510
Abstract
In this study, we reconstruct the composition and metasomatic evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the poorly-studied southern Arkhangelsk region, based on the geochemistry of 145 Cr-pyrope grains recovered from samples of modern rivers and stream sediments, to evaluate the diamond exploration potential [...] Read more.
In this study, we reconstruct the composition and metasomatic evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the poorly-studied southern Arkhangelsk region, based on the geochemistry of 145 Cr-pyrope grains recovered from samples of modern rivers and stream sediments, to evaluate the diamond exploration potential of these territories. Based on the concentrations of Cr2O3, CaO, TiO2, and rare earth elements (REEs), the garnets are divided into four groups: (1) low-chromium lherzolitic pyropes with fractionated heavy REE patterns; (2) low- to medium-chromium pyropes of lherzolitic and megacryst associations with flat heavy REE patterns; (3) high-chromium lherzolitic pyropes with “humped” REE patterns; and (4) high-chromium and low-chromium lherzolitic and harzburgitic pyropes with sinusoidal REE patterns. The pyrope geochemistry suggests a multi-stage model for the evolution of the lithospheric mantle, including partial melting to different degrees and further metasomatic overprints by silicate and carbonatite melts. The results confirm that the lithospheric mantle beneath the study area is suitable for the formation and preservation of diamonds. The significant percentage of diamond-associated pyropes (15%) emphasizes the likelihood of high diamond contents in kimberlites to be discovered within the study area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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11 pages, 2938 KiB  
Article
Specific Multiphase Assemblages of Carbonatitic and Al-Rich Silicic Diamond-Forming Fluids/Melts: TEM Observation of Microinclusions in Cuboid Diamonds from the Placers of Northeastern Siberian Craton
by Alla Logvinova, Dmitry Zedgenizov and Richard Wirth
Minerals 2019, 9(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010050 - 15 Jan 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3573
Abstract
The microinclusions in cuboid diamonds from Ebelyakh River deposits (northeastern Siberian craton) have been investigated by FIB/TEM techniques. It was found that these microinclusions have multiphase associations, containing silicates, oxides, carbonates, halides, sulfides, graphite, and fluid phases. The bulk chemical composition of the [...] Read more.
The microinclusions in cuboid diamonds from Ebelyakh River deposits (northeastern Siberian craton) have been investigated by FIB/TEM techniques. It was found that these microinclusions have multiphase associations, containing silicates, oxides, carbonates, halides, sulfides, graphite, and fluid phases. The bulk chemical composition of the microinclusions indicates two contrasting growth media: Mg-rich carbonatitic and Al-rich silicic. Each media has their own specific set of daughter phases. Carbonatitic microinclusions are characterized by the presence of dolomite, phlogopite, apatite, Mg, Fe-oxide, KCl, rutile, magnetite, Fe-sulfides, and hydrous fluid phases. Silicic microinclusions are composed mainly of free SiO2 phase (quartz), high-Si mica (phengite), Al-silicate (paragonite), F-apatite, Ca-carbonates enriched with Sr and Ba, Fe-sulfides, and hydrous fluid phases. These associations resulted from the cooling of diamond-forming carbonatitic and silicic fluids/melts preserved in microinclusions in cuboid diamonds during their ascent to the surface. The observed compositional variations indicate different origins and evolutions of these fluids/melts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

20 pages, 2501 KiB  
Review
Polymineralic Inclusions in Megacrysts as Proxies for Kimberlite Melt Evolution—A Review
by Yannick Bussweiler
Minerals 2019, 9(9), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/min9090530 - 30 Aug 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4135
Abstract
Polymineralic inclusions in megacrysts have been reported to occur in kimberlites worldwide. The inclusions are likely the products of early kimberlite melt(s) which invaded the pre-existing megacryst minerals at mantle depths (i.e., at pressures ranging from 4 to 6 GPa) and crystallized or [...] Read more.
Polymineralic inclusions in megacrysts have been reported to occur in kimberlites worldwide. The inclusions are likely the products of early kimberlite melt(s) which invaded the pre-existing megacryst minerals at mantle depths (i.e., at pressures ranging from 4 to 6 GPa) and crystallized or quenched upon emplacement of the host kimberlite. The abundance of carbonate minerals (e.g., calcite, dolomite) and hydrous silicate minerals (e.g., phlogopite, serpentine, chlorite) within polymineralic inclusions suggests that the trapped melt was more volatile-rich than the host kimberlite now emplaced in the crust. However, the exact composition of this presumed early kimberlite melt, including the inventory of trace elements and volatiles, remains to be more narrowly constrained. For instance, one major question concerns the role of accessory alkali-halogen-phases in polymineralic inclusions, i.e., whether such phases constitute a common primary feature of kimberlite melt(s), or whether they become enriched in late-stage differentiation processes. Recent studies have shown that polymineralic inclusions react with their host minerals during ascent of the kimberlite, while being largely shielded from processes that affect the host kimberlite, e.g., the assimilation of xenoliths (mantle and crustal), degassing of volatiles, and secondary alteration. Importantly, some polymineralic inclusions within different megacryst minerals were shown to preserve fresh glass. A major conclusion of this review is that the abundance and mineralogy of polymineralic inclusions are directly influenced by the physical and chemical properties of their host minerals. When taking the different interactions with their host minerals into account, polymineralic inclusions in megacrysts can serve as useful proxies for the multi-stage origin and evolution of kimberlite melt/magma, because they can (i) reveal information about primary characteristics of the kimberlite melt, and (ii) trace the evolution of kimberlite magma on its way from the upper mantle to the crust. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals of Kimberlites: An Insight into Petrogenesis and the Diamond Potential of Deep Mantle Magmas)
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