Heavy Metal and Rare Earth Element Pollution in Soil and Water: Sources, Geochemical Behaviors and Ecological Effects, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Mineralogy and Biogeochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 880

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Guest Editor
Department of Geosciences, Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
Interests: geochemical models; soil minerals; source apportionment; bioaccessiblility; health risk assessment; minerals weathering; speciation of heavy metals
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School of Geographical Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Interests: geochemical background; source identification; migration and transformation; bioavailability
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Guest Editor
Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 105 Bolshaya Sadovaya St., 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
Interests: soil contamination; wild and cultural plants; trace elements; potential toxic elements; remediation; phytoremediation; sorbents; sequential extraction; fractionation; heavy metal speciation; heavy metal toxicity; bioaccumulation
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Soil and water are essential components of the critical zone, shaping biodiversity and human life while being influenced by natural and anthropogenic processes. Once heavy metals (HMs, e.g., Pb, Cd, As, Hg) and rare earth elements (REEs, e.g., La, Ce, Nd) enter into soil and water, they undergo complex geochemical processes such as adsorption–desorption, precipitation-dissolution, and redox transformations. These behaviors are strongly influenced by environmental factors like pH, organic matter content, and redox conditions, which affect their mobility, bioavailability, and long-term retention in soil-water matrices. However, their mobile fractions can contaminate water bodies due to persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation. REEs often infiltrate soil and water alongside HMs, leading to co-contamination from natural weathering, industrial discharges (e.g., mining and smelting), agricultural practices (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides), electronic waste recycling, and urbanization. Similarly to HMs, REEs can be mobilized into bioavailable forms under varying environmental conditions, including temperature, pH, and redox changes. Their unique behaviors in natural redox fluctuations, mineral absorption fractionation, and waste discharge highlight the need for deeper insights into their synergistic impact on inorganic pollution and environmental loads in soil and water.

A very successful Special Issue of Minerals, "Heavy Metal and Rare Earth Element Pollution in Soil and Water: Sources, Geochemical Behaviors and Ecological Effects", explored novel methodologies for assessing inorganic pollution in soil and water, including advancements in geochemical techniques, computational modeling, and hyperspectral analysis. These studies provided valuable insights into the interactions, transport mechanisms, and remediation strategies of HMs and REEs. Building on these findings, we invite submissions to a second volume on the same topic. The current edition investigates innovative approaches, particularly those integrating artificial intelligence, advanced computational methods, and novel data interpretation techniques. By addressing fundamental scientific questions and applied environmental challenges, this issue aims to present a comprehensive and up-to-date collection of research on inorganic contamination in soil and water ecosystems.

Dr. Yinxian Song
Dr. Yubo Wen
Dr. Saglara S. Mandzhieva
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • HM and REE pollution
  • soil and water ecosystem
  • health risk assessment
  • environmental loads
  • speciation distribution
  • modelling of pollutant transportation
  • geochemical background
  • weathering and soil-water interaction
  • municipal and mining waste
  • remediation technique

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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13 pages, 2034 KB  
Article
Rare Earth Elements in Bottom Sediments of the Northern Part of Lake Umbozero, Murmansk Region, Russia
by Eugenia Krasavtseva, Sergey Sandimirov, Irina Elizarova, Maria Malysheva, Dmitriy Makarov and Nikolay Kaganovich
Minerals 2025, 15(9), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15090973 - 14 Sep 2025
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Abstract
The chemical composition of bottom sediments in the northern part of Lake Umbozero, located in close proximity to a closed rare metal mine in the Murmansk Region, was studied. This study is a continuation of our research into the impact of closed rare [...] Read more.
The chemical composition of bottom sediments in the northern part of Lake Umbozero, located in close proximity to a closed rare metal mine in the Murmansk Region, was studied. This study is a continuation of our research into the impact of closed rare metal mines and tailings on the environment. Samples were collected using an open gravity sampler in two sections of the lake in three replicates. The content of rare earth elements was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The total content of elements was determined both in the surface layers of bottom sediments and in the deep layers that were formed in the preindustrial period and, thus, characterize the geochemical background of the study area. The average ∑REE in the surface layers of bottom sediments of Lake Umbozero in the wastewater reception area (Site 1) reaches 774 mg/kg, while for the area located north of the discharge site (Site 2), ∑REE was 208 mg/kg. The enrichment factor (EF), the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the coefficient of the index of potential ecological risk (Eir) and the index of potential ecological hazard (RI) were calculated. Assessing the total pollution of bottom sediments of Lake Umbozero with rare earth elements, the value of potential ecological risk reaches values corresponding to the level of low and moderate ecological risk of pollution (RISite 1 = 164; RISite 2 = 104). The conducted correlation analysis allowed us to establish the main phases containing rare earth elements in the bottom sediments of Lake Umbozero—oxyhydroxide complex compounds with iron and manganese. Full article
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Review

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20 pages, 1640 KB  
Review
The Removal of Arsenic from Contaminated Water: A Critical Review of Adsorbent Materials from Agricultural Wastes to Advanced Metal–Organic Frameworks
by Mohammed A. E. Elmakki, Soumya Ghosh, Mokete Motente, Timothy Oladiran Ajiboye, Johan Venter and Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
Minerals 2025, 15(10), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101037 - 30 Sep 2025
Abstract
Arsenic pollution in potable water is a significant worldwide health concern. This study systematically evaluates current progress in adsorption technology, the most promising restorative approach, to provide a definitive framework for future research and use. The methodology entailed a rigorous evaluation of 91 [...] Read more.
Arsenic pollution in potable water is a significant worldwide health concern. This study systematically evaluates current progress in adsorption technology, the most promising restorative approach, to provide a definitive framework for future research and use. The methodology entailed a rigorous evaluation of 91 peer-reviewed studies (2012–2025), classifying adsorbents into three generations: (1) Natural adsorbents (e.g., agricultural/industrial wastes), characterized by cost-effectiveness but limited capacities (0.1–5 mg/g); (2) Engineered materials (e.g., metal oxides, activated alumina), which provide dependable performance (84–97% removal); and (3) Advanced hybrids (e.g., MOFs, polymer composites), demonstrating remarkable capacities (60–300 mg/g). The primary mechanisms of removal are confirmed to be surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, and redox precipitation. Nevertheless, the critical analysis indicates that despite significant laboratory efficacy, substantial obstacles to field implementation persist, including scalability limitations (approximately 15% of materials are evaluated beyond laboratory scale), stability concerns (e.g., structural collapse of MOFs at extreme pH levels), and elevated costs (e.g., MOFs priced at approximately $230/kg compared to $5/kg for alumina). The research indicates that the discipline must transition from only materials innovation to application science. Primary objectives include the development of economical hybrids (about $50/kg), the establishment of uniform WHO testing standards, and the implementation of AI-optimized systems. The primary objective is to attain sustainable solutions costing less than $0.10 per cubic meter that satisfy worldwide deployment standards via multidisciplinary cooperation. Full article
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