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Minerals
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Characterization of Flysch Formations: A Multidisciplinary Approach
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Characterization of Flysch Formations: A Multidisciplinary Approach

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 May 2024) | Viewed by 7348

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jan Golonka

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, AGH University of Kraków, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: paleogeography; regional geology; plate tectonics; petroleum geology; tethys; carpathians
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Andrzej Śla̧czka

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Guest Editor
Institute of Geological Sciences, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Krakow, Poland
Interests: regional geology; sedimentology; tectonics; petroleum geology
Dr. František Teťák

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Geological Institute of Dionyz Stur Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
Interests: regional geology; tectonics; sedimentology; paleogeography; geochronology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The term flysch was introduced by Studer in 1827 for sequences of sandstone and shales in the Swiss Alps. Flysch formations has been studied in detail over the last two centuries in many orogenic belts, including the Carpathians, Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkans, Himalayas, Andes, Appalachians and tectonically similar regions. These studies led to an understanding of the flysch origin and its role in evolution of non-collisional and collisional orogens. This Special Issue should provide the opportunity to revisit our present-day knowledge about flysch formations. We welcome specialized papers as well as overview papers, especially articles dealing with sedimentology, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, and the geochronology of flysch and its role in the geodynamic development of complex orogenes, as well as methods and applications related to the study of flysch sequences. These sequences also include wildflysch, olistostromes and mélanges. Papers presenting controversial issues and different points of view are highly welcomed.

Prof. Dr. Jan Golonka
Prof. Dr. Andrzej Śla̧czka
Dr. František Teťák
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • turbidites
  • synorogenic deposits 
  • accretionary wedge 
  • sedimentology 
  • rocks 
  • geodynamic evolution

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 5897 KiB  
Article
Detrital Tourmalines in the Cretaceous–Eocene Julian and Brkini Flysch Basins (SE Alps, Italy and Slovenia)
by Davide Lenaz, Giovanna Garlatti, Francesco Bernardi and Sergio Andò
Minerals 2024, 14(6), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060598 - 7 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1153
Abstract
In the SE Alps, two Cretaceous–Eocene flysch basins, Julian and Brkini, filled with turbidite sediments, are present. This study novelly reports heavy mineral assemblage counts and detrital tourmaline characterization for 11 samples. It is possible to define three different groups, characterized by the [...] Read more.
In the SE Alps, two Cretaceous–Eocene flysch basins, Julian and Brkini, filled with turbidite sediments, are present. This study novelly reports heavy mineral assemblage counts and detrital tourmaline characterization for 11 samples. It is possible to define three different groups, characterized by the presence of (1) a clinopyroxene–epidote–low-ZTR (zircon+tourmaline+rutile; 5%) sample association, (2) a high-ZTR (>48%)–garnet–apatite association and (3) a low-ZTR (<40%)–Cr-spinel–garnet association. Detrital tourmalines from both the Julian and Brkini flysch basins are rather similar in composition, associated with metapelites and metapsammites coexisting or not coexisting with an Al-saturating phase, ferric-iron-rich quartz–tourmaline rocks and calc–silicate rocks; however, their number is drastically different. In fact, even if the percentage of heavy minerals is very low and similar in both basins (0.17–1.34% in weight), in the Julian basin, the number of tourmaline crystals is much lower than that in Brkini (1–14 vs. 30–100), suggesting an important change in the provenance area. Interestingly, the presence of a high amount of tourmaline derived from ferric-iron-rich quartz–tourmaline rocks and calc–silicate rocks makes these two basins different from all the Cretaceous flysch basins of Bosnia and the Northern Dinaric zone, where these supplies are missing or very limited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Flysch Formations: A Multidisciplinary Approach)
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15 pages, 63509 KiB  
Article
Lineaments in the Gravity Image of the Border Zone between the Central and Outer Carpathians
by Slawomir Porzucek, Monika Loj and Jan Golonka
Minerals 2023, 13(8), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13080995 - 26 Jul 2023
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Abstract
The research area covers the border zone between the Central and Outer Carpathians. The purpose of this research was the interpretation of this zone based on a gravitational survey. This survey was integrated with the results of surface mapping, a deep seismic survey, [...] Read more.
The research area covers the border zone between the Central and Outer Carpathians. The purpose of this research was the interpretation of this zone based on a gravitational survey. This survey was integrated with the results of surface mapping, a deep seismic survey, and deep drillings. Three major tectonic units are located in this area: the Outer (Flysch) Carpathians, the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB), and the Central Carpathians. All three units contain a significant amount of flysch sequences. The lowering of the Bouguer anomaly value from north to south reflects the dip of the crystalline European Plate; in turn, the renewed increase in value correlates very well with the emergence of the crystalline ALCAPA Plate. The range of variability of the Bouguer anomaly value largely masks smaller anomalies in amplitude originating from smaller geological structures. Only three anomalies with significant horizontal extent and greater amplitudes are visible: two are clearly correlated with the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin and the third anomaly is likely connected with the thicker pile of the Outer Carpathian flysch. To separate the boundaries of geological or tectonic structures (lineaments), a horizontal derivative (THDR) and an analytical signal (ASA) were used. Both methods allowed us to confirm existing geological and tectonic boundaries (lineaments) and to identify new ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Flysch Formations: A Multidisciplinary Approach)
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13 pages, 6367 KiB  
Article
Modal Quantitative Logs for the Objective Recording and Analysis of Very Thick Sedimentary Sequences
by Marek Wendorff, Andrzej Świąder and Ireneusz Felisiak
Minerals 2023, 13(5), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13050675 - 14 May 2023
Viewed by 1272
Abstract
The quantitative logs method is designed for objective facies analysis of thick sedimentary successions. This method enables the analysis of whole successions instead of selected intervals arbitrarily considered as representative and results in a database suitable for further analysis, e.g., statistical, quantitative stratigraphy, [...] Read more.
The quantitative logs method is designed for objective facies analysis of thick sedimentary successions. This method enables the analysis of whole successions instead of selected intervals arbitrarily considered as representative and results in a database suitable for further analysis, e.g., statistical, quantitative stratigraphy, or facies modelling. The logging procedure involves the following steps: (i) each of the logged sedimentary features is classified according to a standard, e.g., grain-size follows the phi scale or Wentworth classes are applied for bed thickness; (ii) in the course of logging, the whole succession is subdivided into intervals, each of which is characterised by a predominant (i.e., modal) class of the considered feature; (iii) such modal class characterises a part of the section that has a specific thickness and is called a ‘modally homogeneous interval’ (MHI); and (iv) the lower and upper boundary of each MHI are defined by a change in the modal class. The thickness of all MHIs characterised by the same class interval is then added. The grand total of such component sub-totals for all class intervals of the logged feature equals the log thickness and is the basis for the calculation of frequency distribution, which characterises the succession from the viewpoint of this feature. Each bar of the resulting histogram represents the percentage of the whole section composed of the strata among which the given class occurs as the modal (i.e., predominant) feature. The method of modal quantitative logs is illustrated here with an example of statistical analysis of selected sections of the Krosno Beds (Oligocene) turbidite succession from the Western Outer Carpathians of Poland. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Flysch Formations: A Multidisciplinary Approach)
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Review

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28 pages, 13011 KiB  
Review
Mélange, Flysch and Cliffs in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (Poland): An Overview
by Jan Golonka, Anna Waśkowska, Kamil Cichostępski, Jerzy Dec, Kaja Pietsch, Monika Łój, Grzegorz Bania, Włodzimierz Jerzy Mościcki and Sławomir Porzucek
Minerals 2022, 12(9), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/min12091149 - 11 Sep 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2270
Abstract
The Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) is located in the suture zone between the Central and Outer (Flysch) Carpathians. Its structure is an effect of prolonged processes of the Cretaceous–Miocene folding, thrusting and uplifting. In this zone, tectonic components of different ages and features, [...] Read more.
The Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) is located in the suture zone between the Central and Outer (Flysch) Carpathians. Its structure is an effect of prolonged processes of the Cretaceous–Miocene folding, thrusting and uplifting. In this zone, tectonic components of different ages and features, including strike-slip-bounded tectonic blocks, thrust units, as well as toe-thrusts and olistostromes, result in the present-day mélange characteristics of the PKB, where individual tectonic units are difficult to distinguish. In the PKB, both tectonic and sedimentary events triggered the mélange creation. The name “Klippen Belt” is derived from cliffs (German Klippen). These cliffs form harder, more erosion-resistant elements of the mélange, residing within less competent clastic deposits, sandstones, shales and marls that form flysch complexes. The cliffs often represent olistoliths, which glided down from elevated areas to the deeper basinal zones. Two olistostrome belts were distinguished. The older one resulted from subduction of the southern part of the Alpine Tethys, and the younger originated in response to the northward shift of the accretionary wedge. The other cliffs were placed within the surrounding clastic by tectonic deformational processes. The flower structure of the PKB was formed during the collision and strike-slip movement of the lithospheric plates. This structure is limited on both sides by deep-rooted faults. Several evolutionary stages could be distinguished in these areas. The rift-related stage is expressed by the opening of the Alpine Tethys that contains two major basins—Magura and Pieniny (Złatne) basins, separated by Czorsztyn Ridge. The reorganization of the Alpine Tethys basins and the development of the accretionary prism happened during the synorogenic stage. This process was initiated by the movement of the Central Carpathians. Thick flysch sequences with olistostromes were deposited in these basins. The Czorsztyn Ridge was destroyed during the late orogenic stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Flysch Formations: A Multidisciplinary Approach)
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