Microorganisms

Editorial

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3 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior

by Sergueï O. Fetissov

Microorganisms 2023, 11(3), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030749 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1239

Abstract

The survival of microorganisms inhabiting the intestinal tract depends on the nutrients provided by the host, with the latter obtaining them through food intake. It is hence not surprising that the co-evolution of gut bacteria and their hosts, including humans, shaped intrinsic interactions [...] Read more.

The survival of microorganisms inhabiting the intestinal tract depends on the nutrients provided by the host, with the latter obtaining them through food intake. It is hence not surprising that the co-evolution of gut bacteria and their hosts, including humans, shaped intrinsic interactions between their respective metabolisms with an impact on host feeding behavior. Understanding molecular pathways underlying such interactions may aid in the development of new therapeutic approaches for several pathological conditions accompanied by altered feeding behavior. A Special Issue titled “Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior” contributes to this topic of research, with eight papers covering its various aspects such as autoprobiotics, metabolic diseases and anorexia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

Research

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15 pages, 3529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consortium of Indigenous Fecal Bacteria in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome

by Elena Ermolenko, Marina Kotyleva, Anna Kotrova, Sergey Tichonov, Nadezhda Lavrenova, Lyubov Voropaeva, Yulia Topalova, Alena Karaseva, Daniil Azarov, Konstantin Ermolenko, Dmitrii Druzhininskii, Alexander Dmitriev, Alexander Shishkin and Alexander Suvorov

Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1574; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081574 - 5 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1672

Abstract

The features of gut microbiota in metabolic syndrome (MS) and ways to correct it using autoprobiotics, based on indigenous bacteria obtained from fecal samples of the host, remain unexplored. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of an indigenous consortium [...] Read more.

The features of gut microbiota in metabolic syndrome (MS) and ways to correct it using autoprobiotics, based on indigenous bacteria obtained from fecal samples of the host, remain unexplored. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of an indigenous consortium (IC) of fecal bacteria in treatment of patients with MS. The study was carried out on 36 patients with MS, manifested with abdominal obesity, eating disorders, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The control group was formed by 20 healthy volunteers. Samples of IC and gut microbiota content were examined by qPCR and metagenome (16S rRNA) analysis before and after therapy. The decrease in anthropometric parameters of obesity, liver enzyme level correction, reduction in C reactive protein and triglyceride concentrations were revealed after IC usage. The decrease in genera Bifidobacterium, Enterobacter, Paraprevotella, and Prevotella, as well as an increase in Bacteroides fragilis and Oscillospira spp. populations were shown after consumption of IC. A negative correlation between the quantity of B. fragilis and the anthropometric parameters of obesity (r = −0.48) and C reactive protein level (r = −0.36) in serum was established. Thus, IC can be considered as a potential functional personified product for the therapy of MS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

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15 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Digestive Function and Microbiome after Correction of Experimental Dysbiosis in Rats by Indigenous Bifidobacteria

by Lyudmila V. Gromova, Elena I. Ermolenko, Anastasiya L. Sepp, Yulia V. Dmitrieva, Anna S. Alekseeva, Nadezhda S. Lavrenova, Mariya P. Kotyleva, Tatyana A. Kramskaya, Alena B. Karaseva, Alexandr N. Suvorov and Andrey A. Gruzdkov

Microorganisms 2021, 9(3), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030522 - 4 Mar 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2399

Abstract

In recent years, great interest has arisen in the use of autoprobiotics (indigenous bacteria isolated from the organism and introduced into the same organism after growing). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of indigenous bifidobacteria on intestinal microbiota and digestive enzymes in [...] Read more.

In recent years, great interest has arisen in the use of autoprobiotics (indigenous bacteria isolated from the organism and introduced into the same organism after growing). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of indigenous bifidobacteria on intestinal microbiota and digestive enzymes in a rat model of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis. Our results showed that indigenous bifidobacteria (the Bf group) accelerate the disappearance of dyspeptic symptoms in rats and prevent an increase in chyme mass in the upper intestine compared to the group without autoprobiotics (the C1 group), but significantly increase the mass of chyme in the colon compared to the C1 group and the control group (healthy animals). In the Bf group in the gut microbiota, the content of opportunistic bacteria (Proteus spp., enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) decreased, and the content of some beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp., Dorea spp., Blautia spp., the genus Ruminococcus, Prevotella, Oscillospira) changed compared to the control group. Unlike the C1 group, in the Bf group there was no decrease in the specific activities of maltase and alkaline phosphatase in the mucosa of the upper intestine, but the specific activity of maltase was decreased in the colon chyme compared to the control and C1 groups. In the Bf group, the specific activity of aminopeptidase N was reduced in the duodenum mucosa and the colon chyme compared to the control group. We concluded that indigenous bifidobacteria can protect the microbiota and intestinal digestive enzymes in the intestine from disorders caused by dysbiosis; however, there may be impaired motor function of the colon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

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25 pages, 3303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementation with Combined Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 Across Development Reveals Sex Differences in Physiological and Behavioural Effects of Western Diet in Long–Evans Rats

by Elizabeth M. Myles, M. Elizabeth O’Leary, Rylan Smith, Chad W. MacPherson, Alexandra Oprea, Emma H. Melanson, Thomas A. Tompkins and Tara S. Perrot

Microorganisms 2020, 8(10), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8101527 - 5 Oct 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4007

Abstract

The gut microbiome affects various physiological and psychological processes in animals and humans, and environmental influences profoundly impact its composition. Disorders such as anxiety, obesity, and inflammation have been associated with certain microbiome compositions, which may be modulated in early life. In 62 [...] Read more.

The gut microbiome affects various physiological and psychological processes in animals and humans, and environmental influences profoundly impact its composition. Disorders such as anxiety, obesity, and inflammation have been associated with certain microbiome compositions, which may be modulated in early life. In 62 Long–Evans rats, we characterised the effects of lifelong Bifidobacterium longum R0175 and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 administration—along with Western diet exposure—on later anxiety, metabolic consequences, and inflammation. We found that the probiotic formulation altered specific anxiety-like behaviours in adulthood. We further show distinct sex differences in metabolic measures. In females, probiotic treatment increased calorie intake and leptin levels without affecting body weight. In males, the probiotic seemed to mitigate the effects of Western diet on adult weight gain and calorie intake, without altering leptin levels. The greatest inflammatory response was seen in male, Western-diet-exposed, and probiotic-treated rats, which may be related to levels of specific steroid hormones in these groups. These results suggest that early-life probiotic supplementation and diet exposure can have particular implications on adult health in a sex-dependent manner, and highlight the need for further studies to examine the health outcomes of probiotic treatment in both sexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

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14 pages, 1900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Lactobacillus brevis 47 f Strain Protects the Murine Intestine from Enteropathy Induced by 5-Fluorouracil

by Maria Marsova, Maya Odorskaya, Maria Novichkova, Valentina Polyakova, Serikbay Abilev, Elena Kalinina, Alexander Shtil, Elena Poluektova and Valery Danilenko

Microorganisms 2020, 8(6), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060876 - 9 Jun 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2309

Abstract

We report that the results of our study indicate that Lactobacillus brevis 47 f strain isolated from the faeces of a healthy individual prevents the manifestations of experimental mucositis induced by treatment of Balb/c mice with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5 FU; 100 [...] Read more.

We report that the results of our study indicate that Lactobacillus brevis 47 f strain isolated from the faeces of a healthy individual prevents the manifestations of experimental mucositis induced by treatment of Balb/c mice with the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5 FU; 100 mg/kg i.p. × 3 days). The presence of damage to the intestine and the colon was determined by a morphometric analysis of specimens including the height of villi, the amount of goblet cells and infiltrating mononuclear cells, and the expression of the proliferative Ki-67 antigen. Changes in the lipid peroxidation in the blood and the intestine were determined by severalfold increase of the concentration of malonic dialdehyde. Oral administration of L. brevis 47 f strain prior to 5 FU decreased the drug-induced morphological and biochemical changes to their respective physiological levels; the ability of intestinal epitheliocytes to express Ki-67 was partially restored. These effects of L. brevis 47 f strain were more pronounced or similar to those of the reference compound Rebamipid, a quinoline derivative known to protect the gut from drug-induced toxicity. Thus, the new lactobacilli strain attenuates the severity of 5 FU-induced enteropathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

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14 pages, 1894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Host Starvation and Female Sex Influence Enterobacterial ClpB Production: A Possible Link to the Etiology of Eating Disorders

by Jonathan Breton, Justine Jacquemot, Linda Yaker, Camille Leclerc, Nathalie Connil, Marc Feuilloley, Pierre Déchelotte and Sergueï O. Fetissov

Microorganisms 2020, 8(4), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8040530 - 7 Apr 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3648

Abstract

Altered signaling between gut bacteria and their host has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of eating disorders, whereas the enterobacterial caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) may play a key role as an antigen mimetic of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, an anorexigenic neuropeptide. Here, we studied [...] Read more.

Altered signaling between gut bacteria and their host has recently been implicated in the pathophysiology of eating disorders, whereas the enterobacterial caseinolytic protease B (ClpB) may play a key role as an antigen mimetic of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, an anorexigenic neuropeptide. Here, we studied whether ClpB production by gut bacteria can be modified by chronic food restriction and female sex, two major risk factors for the development of eating disorders. We found that food restriction increased ClpB DNA in feces and ClpB protein in plasma in both male and female rats, whereas females displayed elevated basal ClpB protein levels in the lower gut and plasma as well as increased ClpB-reactive immunoglobulins (Ig)M and IgG. In contrast, direct application of estradiol in E. coli cultures decreased ClpB concentrations in bacteria, while testosterone had no effect. Thus, these data support a mechanistic link between host-dependent risk factors of eating disorders and the enterobacterial ClpB protein production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

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Review

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29 pages, 3041 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of the Gut–Brain Axis, Gut Microbial Composition, Diet, and Probiotic Intervention in Parkinson’s Disease

by Subramanian Thangaleela, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Periyanaina Kesika, Muruganantham Bharathi and Chaiyavat Chaiyasut

Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081544 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4845

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disease, affecting 1% of seniors worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) is one of the key access controls for most diseases and disorders. Disturbance in the GM creates an imbalance in the function and [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most prevalent neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric disease, affecting 1% of seniors worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) is one of the key access controls for most diseases and disorders. Disturbance in the GM creates an imbalance in the function and circulation of metabolites, resulting in unhealthy conditions. Any dysbiosis could affect the function of the gut, consequently disturbing the equilibrium in the intestine, and provoking pro-inflammatory conditions in the gut lumen, which send signals to the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus enteric nervous system, possibly disturbing the blood–brain barrier. The neuroinflammatory conditions in the brain cause accumulation of α-syn, and progressively develop PD. An important aspect of understanding and treating the disease is access to broad knowledge about the influence of dietary supplements on GM. Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Probiotic supplementation improves the function of the CNS, and improves the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD. Probiotic supplementation could be an adjuvant therapeutic method to manage PD. This review summarizes the role of GM in health, the GM–brain axis, the pathogenesis of PD, the role of GM and diet in PD, and the influence of probiotic supplementation on PD. The study encourages further detailed clinical trials in PD patients with probiotics, which aids in determining the involvement of GM, intestinal mediators, and neurological mediators in the treatment or management of PD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

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18 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessReview

Are the Effects of Malnutrition on the Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis the Core Pathologies of Anorexia Nervosa?

by Stein Frostad

Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081486 - 24 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2430

Abstract

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disabling, costly, and potentially deadly illness. Treatment failure and relapse after treatment are common. Several studies have indicated the involvement of the gut microbiota–brain (GMB) axis. This narrative review hypothesizes that AN is driven by malnutrition-induced alterations in [...] Read more.

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disabling, costly, and potentially deadly illness. Treatment failure and relapse after treatment are common. Several studies have indicated the involvement of the gut microbiota–brain (GMB) axis. This narrative review hypothesizes that AN is driven by malnutrition-induced alterations in the GMB axis in susceptible individuals. According to this hypothesis, initial weight loss can voluntarily occur through dieting or be caused by somatic or psychiatric diseases. Malnutrition-induced alterations in gut microbiota may increase the sensitivity to anxiety-inducing gastrointestinal hormones released during meals, one of which is cholecystokinin (CCK). The experimental injection of a high dose of its CCK-4 fragment in healthy individuals induces panic attacks, probably via the stimulation of CCK receptors in the brain. Such meal-related anxiety attacks may take part in developing the clinical picture of AN. Malnutrition may also cause increased effects from appetite-reducing hormones that also seem to have roles in AN development and maintenance. The scientific background, including clinical, microbiological, and biochemical factors, of AN is discussed. A novel model for AN development and maintenance in accordance with this hypothesis is presented. Suggestions for future research are also provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

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15 pages, 602 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dysbiotic Gut Bacteria in Obesity: An Overview of the Metabolic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives of Next-Generation Probiotics

by Jonathan Breton, Marie Galmiche and Pierre Déchelotte

Microorganisms 2022, 10(2), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020452 - 16 Feb 2022

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6163

Abstract

Obesity, a worldwide health concern with a constantly rising prevalence, is a multifactorial chronic disease associated with a wide range of physiological disruptions, including energy imbalance, central appetite and food reward dysregulation, and hormonal alterations and gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiome is a [...] Read more.

Obesity, a worldwide health concern with a constantly rising prevalence, is a multifactorial chronic disease associated with a wide range of physiological disruptions, including energy imbalance, central appetite and food reward dysregulation, and hormonal alterations and gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiome is a well-recognized factor in the pathophysiology of obesity, and its influence on host physiology has been extensively investigated over the last decade. This review highlights the mechanisms by which gut dysbiosis can contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity. In particular, we discuss gut microbiota’s contribution to host energy homeostatic changes, low-grade inflammation, and regulation of fat deposition and bile acid metabolism via bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, and bacterial components, such as lipopolysaccharides, among others. Finally, therapeutic strategies based on next-generation probiotics aiming to re-shape the intestinal microbiota and reverse metabolic alterations associated with obesity are described. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis in Regulation of Feeding Behavior)

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