Medically Relevant Fungi: Virulence Factors, and New Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2026 | Viewed by 417

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Studying virulence factors and developing novel diagnostic and treatment approaches are critically important for the effective control and management of fungal pathogens, which pose a significant and growing threat to human health. In fungal pathogens, virulence factors can include adhesins, hydrolytic enzymes, toxins, biofilm formation, and immune evasion mechanisms, among others. Understanding these factors is crucial as they provide insight into how fungi invade, persist, and evade host defenses and enable the identification of potential drug targets.

Current fungal diagnostics often suffer from limited sensitivity, slow turnaround times, and low specificity, particularly in low-resource settings. Delayed or inaccurate diagnosis contributes to high morbidity and mortality rates. On the other hand, traditional antifungals (azoles, echinocandins, polyenes) are facing resistance issues and have toxicity concerns. There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches, such as antivirulence therapies, immunotherapies, fungal vaccines, and nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery and reduced toxicity.

This Special Issue welcomes both review and original research papers dealing with fungal virulence factors and the search for new diagnostics or therapeutic approaches to control medically relevant fungal species.

You may choose our Joint Special Issue in Microbiology Research.

Prof. Dr. Hector M. Mora-Montes
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • fungal virulence factors
  • medical mycology
  • antifungal resistance
  • novel diagnostics
  • antivirulence therapy
  • fungal immunotherapies
  • adhesins
  • fungal toxins
  • molecular diagnostics
  • immunological diagnostics
  • antifungal targets

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

12 pages, 2021 KB  
Article
When Conventional Methods Fail: First Detection of a Candida viswanathii Outbreak in Europe in a Pediatric Hospital Revealed by Whole Genome Sequencing and FT-IR Spectroscopy
by Gianluca Vrenna, Valeria Fox, Venere Cortazzo, Serena Raimondi, Marco Cristiano, Gianluca Foglietta, Sara Carilli, Martina Rossitto, Barbara Lucignano, Manuela Onori, Maria Paola Ronchetti, Andrea Dotta, Andrea Campana, Lorenzo Galletti, Luca Di Chiara, Alberto Villani, Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Atti, Daniela Perrotta, Corrado Cecchetti, Massimiliano Raponi, Carlo Federico Perno and Paola Bernaschiadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Microorganisms 2025, 13(12), 2698; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13122698 - 26 Nov 2025
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Abstract
Candida viswanathii has been sporadically reported in Asia and South America but not in Europe. This study reports the first European outbreak of C. viswanathii in a paediatric hospital, outlining diagnostic challenges and containment measures. Fifteen C. viswanathii isolates were recovered from blood [...] Read more.
Candida viswanathii has been sporadically reported in Asia and South America but not in Europe. This study reports the first European outbreak of C. viswanathii in a paediatric hospital, outlining diagnostic challenges and containment measures. Fifteen C. viswanathii isolates were recovered from blood cultures of consecutive pediatric patients admitted to intensive care units between April and August 2025. Identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS, chromogenic media, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution. All isolates were initially misidentified as C. tropicalis by MALDI-TOF MS and undetected by the FilmArray BCID2 panel. WGS confirmed C. viswanathii, and FT-IR analysis revealed clonally related strains, indicating an outbreak. Colonies displayed a distinct deep-blue color on chromogenic CHROMagar™ medium. Elevated fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations were observed, while isolates remained susceptible to echinocandins and amphotericin B. A multidisciplinary infection-control response halted transmission within four weeks. This investigation documents the first C. viswanathii outbreak in Europe, highlighting diagnostic limitations of current commercial tools and the need for updated databases. Integration of FT-IR spectroscopy and WGS facilitated outbreak detection and containment, underscoring the importance of advanced diagnostics and surveillance for emerging fungal pathogens. Full article
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