Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food-Producing Animals 2.0

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Veterinary Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 13729

Special Issue Editors

National Institute of Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA, USA
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; one health; veterinary; microbiology; bacteriology; zoonosis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
Interests: antimicrobial stewardship; antimicrobial resistance; preharvest food safety; dairy production; animal welfare

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antimicrobial stewardship collectively refers to the actions and decision making that antibiotic prescribers take to preserve the effectiveness and availability of antimicrobial drugs while working to optimize human, animal, and environmental health. In the context of livestock medicine, this oversight and decision making relies on veterinarians and the subsequent actions and decisions of farm workers implementing the plans developed by the veterinarian. In this Special Edition, we will focus on manuscripts that relate to antimicrobial stewardship in food-producing animals (livestock, poultry, and aquaculture). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide insights that can be translated into clinical practice. This includes contributions from basic science, social sciences, extension and education, and clinical medicine. Antimicrobial stewardship is about more than just the act of prescribing and involves identifying ways to decrease antibiotic use by:

  • Improving early detection of disease as a means of decreasing antibiotic use;
  • Preventing diseases generally treated with antibiotics;
  • Evaluating antibiotic alternatives;
  • Selecting and using antimicrobial judiciously;
  • Evaluating antimicrobial drug use practices.

Dr. Paul Plummer
Dr. Gregory G. Habing
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antibiotics
  • antibiotic stewardship
  • livestock
  • antimicrobial resistance
  • poultry
  • aquaculture

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 246 KiB  
Article
Effect of Changes in Veterinary Feed Directive Regulations on Violative Antibiotic Residues in the Tissue of Food Animals from the Inspector-Generated Sampling in the United States
by Shamim Sarkar and Chika C. Okafor
Microorganisms 2022, 10(10), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102031 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1440
Abstract
The presence of antibiotic residues in the tissue of food animals is a growing concern due to the adverse health effects that they can cause in humans, such as antibiotic resistance bacteria. An inspector-generated sampling (IGS) dataset from the United States National Residue [...] Read more.
The presence of antibiotic residues in the tissue of food animals is a growing concern due to the adverse health effects that they can cause in humans, such as antibiotic resistance bacteria. An inspector-generated sampling (IGS) dataset from the United States National Residue Surveillance Program, collected between 2014 and 2019, was analyzed to investigate the association of changes in the veterinary feed directive (VFD) regulations on the detection of violative penicillin, tetracycline, sulfonamide, desfuroylceftiofur, tilmicosin, and florfenicol, residues in the tissue of food animals. Multivariable logistic regression models were used for analysis. While the animal production class was significantly associated with residue violations for tetracycline, having a sample collection date after the implementation of change in VFD regulations was not. However, the odds of detecting violative sulfonamide and penicillin residues in the tissue of food animals following the implementation of the change in VFD regulations were 36% and 24% lower than those collected before the implementation of the change in VFD regulations period, respectively, irrespective of animal production class. Violative desfuroylceftiofur, tilmicosin, and florfenicol residues in the tissue of food animals were not significantly associated with the implementation of changes in the VFD regulations. Further investigation of the factors that influence the presence of violative antibiotic residues in the tissue of food animals following the change in VFD regulations would lend clarity to this critical issue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food-Producing Animals 2.0)
14 pages, 807 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Training on Calf Producers’ Knowledge, Treatment Behaviors and Quantified Antimicrobial Use
by Jessica Pempek, Martey Masterson, Rafael Portillo-Gonzalez, Kate Creutzinger, Ting-Yu Cheng and Greg Habing
Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1525; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081525 - 27 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1515
Abstract
The judicious use of antimicrobials on farms is necessary to mitigate the development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens that compromise human and animal health. On livestock farms, veterinarians prescribe and dispense antimicrobials, but producers use rapid judgements of disease severity to make routine decisions on [...] Read more.
The judicious use of antimicrobials on farms is necessary to mitigate the development of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens that compromise human and animal health. On livestock farms, veterinarians prescribe and dispense antimicrobials, but producers use rapid judgements of disease severity to make routine decisions on the initiation of empirical antimicrobial therapy. Therefore, the knowledge and skills required to accurately diagnose treatable bacterial infections is necessary for optimal antimicrobial stewardship. Veal calves often undergo stressors and environmental exposures that increase calves’ risk of bacterial infections, and antimicrobials are sometimes necessary to ensure their health. The objective of this trial was to measure the impact of antimicrobial stewardship training on calf producers’ knowledge of antimicrobial stewardship, accuracy of identifying calves for treatment, and quantified antimicrobial use. Eight farms were evenly allocated into either intervention or control groups. Training resulted in both higher scores on assessments and higher sensitivity for detecting cases that required antimicrobial therapy relative to a veterinarian. Importantly, there was a 50% reduction in the antimicrobial dosing rate among intervention farms relative to control farms. Antimicrobial stewardship training among calf producers was effective at changing producers’ behaviors and reducing antimicrobial use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food-Producing Animals 2.0)
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26 pages, 2652 KiB  
Article
Microbiota and Transcriptomic Effects of an Essential Oil Blend and Its Delivery Route Compared to an Antibiotic Growth Promoter in Broiler Chickens
by Samson Oladokun, K. Fraser Clark and Deborah I. Adewole
Microorganisms 2022, 10(5), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050861 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2440
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of the delivery of a commercial essential oil blend containing the phytonutrients star anise, cinnamon, rosemary, and thyme oil (via different routes) on broiler chickens’ ileal and ceca microbiota and liver transcriptome compared to an antibiotic growth promoter. [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effect of the delivery of a commercial essential oil blend containing the phytonutrients star anise, cinnamon, rosemary, and thyme oil (via different routes) on broiler chickens’ ileal and ceca microbiota and liver transcriptome compared to an antibiotic growth promoter. Eggs were incubated and allocated into three groups: non-injected, in ovo saline, and in ovo essential oil. On day 18 of incubation, 0.2 mL of essential oil in saline (dilution ratio of 2:1) or saline alone was injected into the amnion. At hatch, chicks were assigned to post-hatch treatment combinations: (A) a negative control (corn-wheat-soybean diet), (B) in-feed antibiotics, (C) in-water essential oil (250 mL/1000 L of drinking water), (D) in ovo saline, (E) in ovo essential oil, and (F) in ovo essential oil plus in-water essential oil in eight replicate cages (six birds/cage) and raised for 28 days. On days 21 and 28, one and two birds per cage were slaughtered, respectively, to collect gut content and liver tissues for further analysis. Alpha and beta diversity differed significantly between ileal and ceca samples but not between treatment groups. In-feed antibiotic treatment significantly increased the proportion of specific bacteria in the family Lachnospiraceae while reducing the proportion of bacteria in the genus Christensenellaceae in the ceca, compared to other treatments. Sex-controlled differential expression of genes related to cell signaling and tight junctions were recorded. This study provides data that could guide the use of these feed additives and a foundation for further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food-Producing Animals 2.0)
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Review

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18 pages, 951 KiB  
Review
Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Surplus Dairy Calf Production Systems
by Poonam G. Vinayamohan, Samantha R. Locke, Rafael Portillo-Gonzalez, David L. Renaud and Gregory G. Habing
Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081652 - 16 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1652
Abstract
Surplus calves, which consist predominately of male calves born on dairy farms, are an underrecognized source of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens. Current production systems for surplus calves have important risk factors for the dissemination of pathogens, including the high degree of commingling during auction [...] Read more.
Surplus calves, which consist predominately of male calves born on dairy farms, are an underrecognized source of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) pathogens. Current production systems for surplus calves have important risk factors for the dissemination of pathogens, including the high degree of commingling during auction and transportation and sometimes inadequate care early in life. These circumstances contribute to an increased risk of respiratory and other infectious diseases, resulting in higher antimicrobial use (AMU) and the development of AMR. Several studies have shown that surplus calves harbor AMR genes and pathogens that are resistant to critically important antimicrobials. This is a potential concern as the resistant pathogens and genes can be shared between animal, human and environmental microbiomes. Although knowledge of AMU and AMR has grown substantially in dairy and beef cattle systems, comparable studies in surplus calves have been mostly neglected in North America. Therefore, the overall goal of this narrative review is to summarize the existing literature regarding AMU and AMR in surplus dairy calf production, highlight the management practices contributing to the increased AMU and the resulting AMR, and discuss potential strategies and barriers for improved antimicrobial stewardship in surplus calf production systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food-Producing Animals 2.0)
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14 pages, 668 KiB  
Review
Realities, Challenges and Benefits of Antimicrobial Stewardship in Dairy Practice in the United States
by Pamela L. Ruegg
Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1626; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081626 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2269
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials for the treatment of food-producing animals is increasingly scrutinized and regulated based on concerns about maintaining the efficacy of antimicrobials used to treat important human diseases. Consumers are skeptical about the use of antibiotics in dairy cows, while dairy [...] Read more.
The use of antimicrobials for the treatment of food-producing animals is increasingly scrutinized and regulated based on concerns about maintaining the efficacy of antimicrobials used to treat important human diseases. Consumers are skeptical about the use of antibiotics in dairy cows, while dairy producers and veterinarians demonstrate ambivalence about maintaining animal welfare with reduced antimicrobial usage. Antimicrobial stewardship refers to proactive actions taken to preserve the efficacy of antimicrobials and emphasizes the prevention of bacterial diseases and use of evidence-based treatment protocols. The ability to broadly implement antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry is based on the recognition of appropriate antimicrobial usage as well as an understanding of the benefits of participating in such programs. The most common reason for the use of antimicrobials on dairy farms is the intramammary treatment of cows affected with clinical mastitis or at dry off. Based on national sales data, intramammary treatments comprise < 1% of overall antimicrobial use for food-producing animals, but a large proportion of that usage is a third-generation cephalosporin, which is classified as a highest-priority, critically important antimicrobial. Opportunities exist to improve the use of antimicrobials in dairy practice. While there are barriers to the increased adoption of antimicrobial stewardship principles, the structured nature of dairy practice and existing emphasis on disease prevention provides an opportunity to easily integrate principles of antimicrobial stewardship into daily veterinary practice. The purpose of this paper is to define elements of antimicrobial stewardship in dairy practice and discuss the challenges and potential benefits associated with these concepts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food-Producing Animals 2.0)
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16 pages, 592 KiB  
Review
Achieving Antimicrobial Stewardship on the Global Scale: Challenges and Opportunities
by Jorge Pinto Ferreira, Daniela Battaglia, Alejandro Dorado García, KimAnh Tempelman, Carmen Bullon, Nelea Motriuc, Mark Caudell, Sarah Cahill, Junxia Song and Jeffrey LeJeune
Microorganisms 2022, 10(8), 1599; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081599 - 08 Aug 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3419
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been clearly identified as a major global health challenge. It is a leading cause of human deaths and also has a toll on animals, plants, and the environment. Despite the considerable socio-economic impacts, the level of awareness of the [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been clearly identified as a major global health challenge. It is a leading cause of human deaths and also has a toll on animals, plants, and the environment. Despite the considerable socio-economic impacts, the level of awareness of the problem remains woefully inadequate, and antimicrobials are not generally recognized as a global common good, one that everyone has a role and responsibility to conserve. It is imperative for antimicrobial stewardship to be more widely implemented to achieve better control of the AMR phenomenon. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations plays an important role in promoting and facilitating antimicrobial stewardship. The specific needs to be addressed and barriers to be overcome, in particular, in low- and middle-income countries in order to implement antimicrobial stewardship practices in agrifood systems are being identified. As a global community, it is essential that we now move beyond discussing the AMR problem and focus on implementing solutions. Thus, FAO provides multi-pronged support for nations to improve antimicrobial stewardship through programs to strengthen governance, increase awareness, develop and enhance AMR surveillance, and implement best practices related to antimicrobial resistance in agrifood systems. For example, FAO is developing a platform to collect data on AMR in animals and antimicrobial use (AMU) in plants (InFARM), working on a campaign to reduce the need to use antimicrobials, studying the use of alternatives to the use of antimicrobials (especially those used for growth promotion) and actively promoting the implementation of the Codex Alimentarius AMR standards. Together, these will contribute to the control of AMR and also bring us closer to the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship in Food-Producing Animals 2.0)
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