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Metabolomics of Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids: Three Diverse Lipid Families

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A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Lipid Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2020) | Viewed by 9115

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Paul Wood

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Guest Editor

Metabolomics Unit, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
Interests: metabolomics; lipidomics of diseases; disease models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Fatty acyl esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA) encompass three different lipid families which have incorrectly been classified as wax esters. These families include i) branched-chain FAHFA, involved in regulation of glucose metabolism, with acylation of an internal branched-chain hydroxy-palmitic or -stearic acid; ii) ω-FAHFA, biosurfactants in a number of biofluids, with acylation of the ω-hydroxyl group of a very-long-chain fatty acid (these lipids have also been designated as o-acyl hydroxy fatty acids; OAHFA); and iii) ornithine-FAHFA, bacterial lipids, with acylation of short-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids and addition of ornithine to the free carboxy group of the hydroxy fatty acid. The differences in biosynthetic pathways and cellular functions of these lipid families will be reviewed and compared to wax esters which are formed by acylation of a fatty alcohol. Analytical issues will also be addressed.

The Special Issue is open for submission now. Some extension may be granted if you kindly let me know in advance. Accepted papers will be published rapidly and will be listed together on the Special Issue website.

Prof. Dr. Paul Wood
Guest Editor

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Keywords

fatty acyl ester of hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA)
(o-acyl)-hydroxy fatty acid
ornithine lipids
wax esters
Mass spectrometry
ω-hydroxy fatty acids
glucose metabolism
biosurfactants
bacterial lipids

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 3186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lipidomics Revealed Aberrant Metabolism of Lipids Including FAHFAs in Renal Tissue in the Progression of Lupus Nephritis in a Murine Model

by Changfeng Hu, Yu Du, Xiaofen Xu, Haichang Li, Qiao Duan, Zhijun Xie, Chengping Wen and Xianlin Han

Metabolites 2021, 11(3), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11030142 - 27 Feb 2021

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2183

Abstract

Lupus nephritis (LN) is an inflammatory renal disease of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with lots of immune complexes deposited in kidneys. Accumulated studies have demonstrated the close relationships among dyslipidaemia, inflammation, and autoimmune response, and oxidative stress in the patients. Lipids play numerous important roles in biological process and cellular functions. Herein, shotgun lipidomics was employed to quantitatively analyze cellular lipidomes in the renal tissue of MRL/lpr mice in the progression of LN (including pre-LN and LN state) with/without treated with glucocorticoids (GCs). The levels of cytokines (i.e., TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) and IL-6 (Interleukin 6)) in the serum were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits. Renal histopathological changes and C3 deposition in the glomeruli of the mice were also determined. Lipidomics analysis revealed that the ectopic fat deposition and the aberrant metabolism of lipids that were relevant to oxidative stress (e.g., 4-hydroxyalkenal, ceramide, lysophospholipid species, etc.) always existed in the development of LN. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory FAHFA (fatty acid ester of hydroxyl fatty acid) species in the kidney tissue could largely reflect the severity of LN. Thus, they were a potential early biomarker for LN. In addition, the study also revealed that treatment with GCs could prevent the progression of LN, but greatly aggravate the aberrant metabolism of the lipids, particularly when used for a long time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics of Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids: Three Diverse Lipid Families)

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Review

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11 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trimethylornithine Membrane Lipids: Discovered in Planctomycetes and Identified in Diverse Environments

by Eli K. Moore

Metabolites 2021, 11(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11010049 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2379

Abstract

Intact polar membrane lipids (IPLs) are the building blocks of all cell membranes. There is a wide range of phosphorus-free IPL structures, including amino acid containing IPLs, that can be taxonomically specific. Trimethylornithine membrane lipids (TMOs) were discovered in northern wetland Planctomycete species that were isolated and described in the last decade. The trimethylated terminal nitrogen moiety of the ornithine amino acid in the TMO structure gives the lipid a charged polar head group, similar to certain phospholipids. Since their discovery, TMOs have been identified in various other recently described northern latitude Planctomycete species, and in diverse environments including tundra soil, a boreal eutrophic lake, meso-oligotrophic lakes, and hot springs. The majority of environments or enrichment cultures in which TMOs have been observed include predominately heterotrophic microbial communities involved in the degradation of recalcitrant material and/or low oxygen methanogenic conditions at primarily northern latitudes. Other ecosystems occupied with microbial communities that possess similar metabolic pathways, such as tropical peatlands or coastal salt marshes, may include TMO producing Planctomycetes as well, further allowing these lipids to potentially be used to understand microbial community responses to environmental change in a wide range of systems. The occurrence of TMOs in hot springs indicates that these unique lipids could have broad environmental distribution with different specialized functions. Opportunities also exist to investigate the application of TMOs in microbiome studies, including forensic necrobiomes. Further environmental and microbiome lipidomics research involving TMOs will help reveal the evolution, functions, and applications of these unique membrane lipids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics of Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids: Three Diverse Lipid Families)

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8 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid (FAHFA) Lipid Families

by Paul L. Wood

Metabolites 2020, 10(12), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo10120512 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3783

Abstract

Fatty Acyl esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFA) encompass three different lipid families which have incorrectly been classified as wax esters. These families include (i) Branched-chain FAHFAs, involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and inflammation, with acylation of an internal branched-chain hydroxy-palmitic or -stearic acid; (ii) ω-FAHFAs, which function as biosurfactants in a number of biofluids, are formed via acylation of the ω-hydroxyl group of very-long-chain fatty acids (these lipids have also been designated as o-acyl hydroxy fatty acids; OAHFA); and (iii) Ornithine-FAHFAs are bacterial lipids formed by the acylation of short-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids and the addition of ornithine to the free carboxy group of the hydroxy fatty acid. The differences in biosynthetic pathways and cellular functions of these lipid families will be reviewed and compared to wax esters, which are formed by the acylation of a fatty alcohol, not a hydroxy fatty acid. In summary, FAHFA lipid families are both unique and complex in their biosynthesis and their biological actions. We have only evaluated the tip of the iceberg and much more exciting research is required to understand these lipids in health and disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics of Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids: Three Diverse Lipid Families)

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