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Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights, Risk Factors, and...
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Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights, Risk Factors, and Drug Therapies

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Cardiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 January 2026 | Viewed by 1975

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Christina Chrysohoou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11527 Athens, Greece
Interests: heart failure; advanced heart failure; cardiopulmonary exercise test; rehabilitation; cardiametabolic medicine; cardiovascular imaging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Panagiotis Theofilis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1st Cardiology Clinic, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
Interests: atherosclerosis; diabetes; angiogenesis; microRNA; endothelium
Dr. Emmanouil Mantzouranis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
First University Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
Interests: interventional cardiology; cardioneurology; acute cardiac care; MINOCA; pulmonary embolism; heart failure

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although the strong association between diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been well established and extensively studied over recent decades, emerging pathophysiological mechanisms and novel biomarkers and risk factors continue to shed new light on these links. These advancements are enhancing the development of innovative diagnostic tools and targeted therapies. In the era of big data and artificial intelligence, evidence-based medicine is evolving into precision medicine, offering more effective and individualized approaches with improved safety profiles. Given that CVD remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, the timely integration of precision medicine into cardiovascular care is imperative. This Special Issue will highlight recent breakthroughs in our understanding of these interconnected conditions and explore cutting-edge innovations in diagnostics and therapeutic strategies.

We welcome original research articles, review articles, and systematic reviews or meta-analyses that address the following topics:

  • Novel insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms linking diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease;
  • Emerging risk factors and biomarkers influencing diagnostic strategies, disease progression, and clinical outcomes;
  • Recent advances in pharmacological and non-pharmacological innovative treatments;
  • The role of precision medicine and artificial intelligence in diagnostic procedures and therapeutic decisions.

We encourage submissions from researchers across diverse scientific fields, including cardiovascular medicine, interventional cardiology, endocrinology, nephrology, and internal medicine.

We look forward to receiving your valuable contributions. Please feel free to reach out if you have any questions.

Dr. Christina Chrysohoou
Dr. Panagiotis Theofilis
Guest Editors

Dr. Emmanouil Mantzouranis
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • diabetes
  • hypertension
  • cardiovascular disease
  • cardiovascular risk factors
  • novel drug therapies
  • novel therapies
  • coronary artery disease
  • heart failure
  • precision medicine
  • artificial intelligence

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 511 KB  
Article
The Status of Metabolic Control in Patients with Diabetes Attending Primary Care Clinics in Madinah, Saudi Arabia
by Eman Alfadhli, Amal M. Qasem Surrati, Ruqaya Saleh Masoud, Yaseera Ali Gadi, Walaa A. Alahmadi and Mohammed Khalid Turkistani
Medicina 2025, 61(10), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61101856 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 215
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The comprehensive control of diabetes and its related comorbidities is essential to avoid diabetes complications and reduce diabetes care expenses. Nevertheless, several reports have uncovered a gap in diabetes management and confirmed suboptimal glycemic control globally. This study aims [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The comprehensive control of diabetes and its related comorbidities is essential to avoid diabetes complications and reduce diabetes care expenses. Nevertheless, several reports have uncovered a gap in diabetes management and confirmed suboptimal glycemic control globally. This study aims to assess metabolic control among patients with diabetes attending primary care clinics (PCCs) in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study took place in Madinah city, Saudi Arabia, in 15 primary care centers. A consecutive series of 692 adult diabetic patients who attended the clinics in one year were included. The primary outcome measures were achieving blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids goals. The achievement of adequate metabolic control followed the American diabetes association (ADA) guidelines. Results: The majority (98%) of the patients had type 2 diabetes (T2DM) with a mean age of 55.1 ± 11.6 years and a mean diabetes duration of 11.02 ± 7.8 years. The mean HbA1c was 8.39 ± 1.7, and glycemic goals (HbA1C < 7%) were achieved in 15.7%. The achievement of LDL, triglyceride, and HDL goals were as follows; 46.4%. 53.3%, and 70.8%, respectively. In total 66.3% of subjects achieved systolic blood pressure goals, and 88.7% achieved diastolic blood pressure goals. Younger age, longer diabetes duration, and higher LDL levels were associated with poor glycemic control. Conclusions: Glycemic control is inadequate among patients with diabetes at PCCs in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. A patient-centered approach and individualized management plan considering all risk factors are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights, Risk Factors, and Drug Therapies)
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Review

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37 pages, 890 KB  
Review
SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Management of Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Syndrome: A New Therapeutic Era
by Konstantinos Grigoriou, Paschalis Karakasis, Athina Nasoufidou, Panagiotis Stachteas, Aleksandra Klisic, Efstratios Karagiannidis, Barbara Fyntanidou, Djordje S. Popovic, Dimitrios Patoulias, Antonios P. Antoniadis and Nikolaos Fragakis
Medicina 2025, 61(11), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61111903 - 23 Oct 2025
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) disease, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic proportions over the past few decades. Accumulating evidence highlights the strong interconnection between these conditions, leading to the definition of a broader disease entity known as cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) syndrome. This [...] Read more.
Cardiovascular (CV) disease, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic proportions over the past few decades. Accumulating evidence highlights the strong interconnection between these conditions, leading to the definition of a broader disease entity known as cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) syndrome. This newly recognized clinical entity presents important challenges in identifying the optimal treatment strategy within a holistic, patient-centered framework. In line with this, sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), owing to their multifaceted pharmacological effects, have been suggested as possible treatment options in the management of CRM. SGLT2is exert their antihyperglycemic effects by impeding the renal reabsorption of sodium and glucose, causing glycosuria and natriuresis. Research has confirmed that their unique beneficial effects extend beyond glycemic control, reducing CV death and hospitalizations in patients with heart failure, and the incidence of kidney failure in dedicated kidney outcome studies—regardless of diabetes status. Furthermore, these agents contribute to weight loss and blood pressure reduction. Their benefits appear to stem from a combination of factors, which include reduced oxidative stress, lower levels of inflammation, regulated neurohormonal activation, improved endothelial function, and enhanced metabolic efficiency. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of SGLT2is in CRM syndrome, synthesize evidence from landmark clinical trials, evaluate current experimental and diagnostic approaches, and provide the emerging role of SGLT2is in the treatment of this new clinical entity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights, Risk Factors, and Drug Therapies)
14 pages, 962 KB  
Review
Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Digital Health for Hypertension: Evolving Tools for Precision Cardiovascular Care
by Ioannis Skalidis, Niccolo Maurizi, Adil Salihu, Stephane Fournier, Stephane Cook, Juan F. Iglesias, Pietro Laforgia, Livio D’Angelo, Philippe Garot, Thomas Hovasse, Antoinette Neylon, Thierry Unterseeh, Stephane Champagne, Nicolas Amabile, Neila Sayah, Francesca Sanguineti, Mariama Akodad, Henri Lu and Panagiotis Antiochos
Medicina 2025, 61(9), 1597; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61091597 - 4 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1414
Abstract
Background: Hypertension remains the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with suboptimal control rates despite guideline-directed therapies. Digital health and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer novel approaches for improving diagnosis, monitoring, and individualized treatment of hypertension. Objectives: To [...] Read more.
Background: Hypertension remains the leading global risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with suboptimal control rates despite guideline-directed therapies. Digital health and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer novel approaches for improving diagnosis, monitoring, and individualized treatment of hypertension. Objectives: To critically review the current landscape of AI-enabled digital tools for hypertension management, including emerging applications, implementation challenges, and future directions. Methods: A narrative review of recent PubMed-indexed studies (2019–2024) was conducted, focusing on clinical applications of AI and digital health technologies in hypertension. Emphasis was placed on real-world deployment, algorithmic explainability, digital biomarkers, and ethical/regulatory frameworks. Priority was given to high-quality randomized trials, systematic reviews, and expert consensus statements. Results: AI-supported platforms—including remote blood pressure monitoring, machine learning titration algorithms, and digital twins—have demonstrated early promise in improving hypertension control. Explainable AI (XAI) is critical for clinician trust and integration into decision-making. Equity-focused design and regulatory oversight are essential to prevent exacerbation of health disparities. Emerging implementation strategies, such as federated learning and co-design frameworks, may enhance scalability and generalizability across diverse care settings. Conclusions: AI-guided titration and digital twin approaches appear most promising for reducing therapeutic inertia, whereas cuffless blood pressure monitoring remains the least mature. Future work should prioritize pragmatic trials with equity and cost-effectiveness endpoints, supported by safeguards against bias, accountability gaps, and privacy risks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Diseases: New Insights, Risk Factors, and Drug Therapies)
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