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Surfaces of Metals and Alloys – Phenomena, Processes and Their Characterization

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2023) | Viewed by 6576

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Noah Shamir

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Materials Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, POB 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
Interests: nuclear materials; surface interaction with reactive gases; oxidation; hydrogenation; segregation
Dr. Shimon Zalkind

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nuclear Research Centre-Negev, POB 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
Interests: surface characterization; oxidation and corrosion; nuclear materials; materials for renewal energy
Dr. Shai Cohen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nuclear Research Centre-Negev, POB 9001, Beer-Sheva 84190, Israel
Interests: surface characterization; surface interaction with corrosive gases; oxidation; radiation damage in nuclear materials; radiation detection and measurements

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to the forthcoming Special Issue: ‘’Surfaces of Metals and Alloys – Phenomena, Processes, and their Characterization’’.

For decades, the study of metal and alloy surfaces was of interest due to basic as well as practical/commercial reasons. Basic physical and chemical aspects, like strain and stress, reconstruction, segregation, diffusion, chemisorption and physisorption, electronic properties, and thermodynamics, as well as practical/commercial aspects, such as modification and catalysis, were characterized and studied by various experimental (XPS, AES, ISS, DRS, STM, FTIR, and more) simulations and modeling. Some of the experimental methods are sensitive only to the outermost surface (ISS and DRS, for example) and some are also sensitive to the subsurface (XPS and AES, for example), so combinations of methods enable a distinction between surface and subsurface processes.

This Special Issue aims to present the latest developments in this research area, including all the topics mentioned above, as well as other and new ones.

Research articles, review articles, and communications are invited.

Should you need any further information about this Special Issue, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Dr. Noah Shamir
Dr. Shimon Zalkind
Dr. Shai Cohen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metal and alloys surfaces
  • surface characterization methods
  • surface chemical reactions
  • surface structure
  • surface stress and strain
  • surface relaxation and reconstruction
  • surface diffusion
  • surface thermodynamics
  • electronic properties
  • segregation

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 7953 KiB  
Article
Research on the Morphology of the Working Surfaces of Contacts Used in Starters in the Agro-Industrial Sector
by Volodymyr Korobskyi, Kamil Witaszek, Volodymyr Reshetiuk and Krzysztof Pilarski
Materials 2024, 17(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010145 - 27 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1090
Abstract
The operational suitability of electromagnetic starters equipped with experimental contacts has been substantiated within their use in electrical installations of the agro-industrial sector, which may be affected by the environments containing aggressive components. Tests on commutation wear resistance and investigations on arc erosion [...] Read more.
The operational suitability of electromagnetic starters equipped with experimental contacts has been substantiated within their use in electrical installations of the agro-industrial sector, which may be affected by the environments containing aggressive components. Tests on commutation wear resistance and investigations on arc erosion of the series-produced contact parts of such starters as PML-1100O4, PML-2100O4 (versions A and B; contact material—CpH-90, CpM-0,2 + M1, KMK-A10m, respectively) and PML-1100O4 starter with the experimental copper-based contact parts (Cu + Nb + Zr + Y2O3; Cu + Mo + MoO3 + C + Ni; Cu + Cr + TiB2 + Nb + C + Zr) have been conducted. The influence of energy parameters of a commutated circuit on the value of electro-erosion wear, the morphology of the working surfaces of contacts and contact resistance have been determined. Investigation results have been obtained by conducting a set of tests on electromagnetic starters at the experimental plant that simulates the operating conditions of the AC-3 application category. The impact of the electric arc of alternative current on the arc erosion of silver-based and copper-based contact materials have been determined by using a scanning electron microscope Cambridge Stereoscan S4-10 equipped with an attachment for X-ray spectroscopic analysis, Link System-290 and an X-ray microanalyzer Camebax SX-50 (CAMECA, Gennevilliers, France). A metallographic analysis of the contact surfaces has been conducted, which contributed to the determination of the patterns of erosive destruction of bridging contacts based on Ag and Cu. Evolution of the eroded morphology of contacts and the surface components of electrical contacts under the influence of an arc have been characterized. In addition, contact mass loss and the dependence of contact resistance have been studied. When manufacturing the experimental contacts, it is possible to abandon the use of silver, which is significantly cost saving, and not to use dangerous contact additives that are hazardous to the environment and people’s health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surfaces of Metals and Alloys – Phenomena, Processes and Their Characterization)
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12 pages, 5020 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Domains and Their Power Spectral Densities in Non-Oriented Electrical Steel after Thermal Compression at Different Rates
by Yuqi Wang, Zhenyu Gao, Li Luo, Chunmei Chen, Zhiyang Zhao, Renbo Song and Yingchao Zhang
Materials 2023, 16(15), 5311; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155311 - 28 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1120
Abstract
The magnetic domains of non-oriented electrical steel bearing cumulative thermal compressions made by a Gleeble 3500 Thermal System were observed using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The component forces, comprising the magnetic forces between the AFM probe and magnetic domains of the samples, [...] Read more.
The magnetic domains of non-oriented electrical steel bearing cumulative thermal compressions made by a Gleeble 3500 Thermal System were observed using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The component forces, comprising the magnetic forces between the AFM probe and magnetic domains of the samples, along the freedom direction of the probe, were measured, and they formed the value fluctuation of the magnetic domains. The fluctuations of the magnetic domains were analyzed by examining the power spectral density (PSD) curves. The hysteresis curves of the samples were measured using a highly sensitive magnetic measurement system. An analysis of the magnetic force microscope (MFM) maps suggested that some magnetic domains were compressed into crushed and fragmented shapes, similar to the microstructure of deformed grains. Meanwhile, some were reconstructed within the thermal compressions, like dynamic recrystallization microstructures. Meaningfully, the MFM probe moved and deformed the proximal magnetic domains of tested samples within the region of its weak magnetic field. The peak positions of the magnetic domains with a high deformation rate were shifted and moved during the measuring processes by the weakly polarized probe. Both windward and leeward sides simultaneously expressed a slope towards each co-adjacent valley in the MFM maps and induced a statistical throbbing within a narrow band in the PSD curves. Thus, the MFM scanning mode was also analyzed and improved to obtain accurate MFM maps with low disturbances from the weak magnetic field of the probe. Swapping the order positions of the middle processes in the MFM scanning and adding a gliding step between them could offset the peak skewing of magnetic domains caused by the weakly polarized probe during MFM measurement process without incurring excessive replacement costs. Accumulative compression at a high rate (10 s−1) would crush magnetic domains into irregularly decreasing sizes with messy boundaries. This investigation provides an example of the complete relationships among deformations, magnetic domains, and magnetic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surfaces of Metals and Alloys – Phenomena, Processes and Their Characterization)
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11 pages, 3943 KiB  
Article
Effect of Temperature Cycling Pretreatment on the Thermal Stability of Sm2(Co, Fe, Zr, Cu)17 Magnets in the Mild Temperature Range
by Hulin Wu, Zhimei Long, Zhongsheng Li, Kaiqiang Song, Chaoqun Li, Dalong Cong, Bin Shao, Xiaowei Liu, Jianchun Sun and Yilong Ma
Materials 2022, 15(24), 8830; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15248830 - 10 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1613
Abstract
The irredeemable magnetic losses of Sm(Co, Fe, Zr, Cu)7.8 permanent magnets caused by oxidation are very important for their practical application. In this work, the simulated results with R2 ≥ 98% based on the data of the temperature cycling test and [...] Read more.
The irredeemable magnetic losses of Sm(Co, Fe, Zr, Cu)7.8 permanent magnets caused by oxidation are very important for their practical application. In this work, the simulated results with R2 ≥ 98% based on the data of the temperature cycling test and the long-term isothermal test for the original samples confirmed that the magnetic flux losses reached 9.38% after the 5000th cycle in range R.T.–300 °C, and 7.15% after oxidated at 180 °C for 10 years, respectively. Demagnetization curves showed that the low-temperature oxidation mainly led to the remanence attenuation, while the coercivity remained relatively stable. SEM observation and EDS analysis revealed that an oxide outer layer with a thickness of 1.96 μm was formed on the surface of the original sample at 180 °C for 180 days, in which there was no enrichment or precipitation of metal elements. However, once a Cu, O-rich outer layer with a thickness of 0.72 μm was grown by using a temperature cycling from −50–250 °C for three cycles, the attenuation of magnetic properties could be inhibited under the low-temperature oxidation. This work suggested that the magnetic attenuation of Sm2Co17-type permanent magnets in the low-temperature field could not be ignored, and provided a simple method to suppress this attenuation of magnetic properties below 300 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surfaces of Metals and Alloys – Phenomena, Processes and Their Characterization)
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12 pages, 5533 KiB  
Article
The Initial Oxidation of HfNiSn Half-Heusler Alloy by Oxygen and Water Vapor
by Oshrat Appel, Shai Cohen, Ofer Beeri, Yaniv Gelbstein and Shimon Zalkind
Materials 2021, 14(14), 3942; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143942 - 14 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1978
Abstract
The MNiSn (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) n-type semiconductor half-Heusler alloys are leading candidates for the use as highly efficient waste heat recovery devices at elevated temperatures. For practical applications, it is crucial to consider also the environmental stability of the alloys [...] Read more.
The MNiSn (M = Ti, Zr, Hf) n-type semiconductor half-Heusler alloys are leading candidates for the use as highly efficient waste heat recovery devices at elevated temperatures. For practical applications, it is crucial to consider also the environmental stability of the alloys at working conditions, and therefore it is required to characterize and understand their oxidation behavior. This work is focused on studying the surface composition and the initial oxidation of HfNiSn alloy by oxygen and water vapor at room temperature and at 1000 K by utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. During heating in vacuum, Sn segregated to the surface, creating a sub-nanometer overlayer. Exposing the surface to both oxygen and water vapor resulted mainly in Hf oxidation to HfO2 and only minor oxidation of Sn, in accordance with the oxide formation enthalpy of the components. The alloy was more susceptible to oxidation by water vapor compared to oxygen. Long exposure of HfNiSn and ZrNiSn samples to moderate water vapor pressure and temperature, during system bakeout, resulted also in a formation of a thin SnO2 overlayer. Some comparison to the oxidation of TiNiSn and ZrNiSn, previously reported, is given. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surfaces of Metals and Alloys – Phenomena, Processes and Their Characterization)
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