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Advances in Low Carbon Concrete and Structures

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Green Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 July 2025 | Viewed by 3961

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MI 65409, USA
Interests: Carbon mineralization; thermal energy storage material; solid waste upcycling; cement chemistry; future types of cement
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
Interests: future types of cement; alternative types of cement ; solid waste utilization; carbon mineralization; ultra-high-performance concrete; concrete repair and rehabilitation
Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
Interests: future cements (cement efficiency enhancing strategies, novel supplementary cementitious materials, and alternative cements); solid waste upcycling; massive CO2 capture, utilization, and mineralization; thermal energy storage and micro-grid integration; materials characterization; multi-scale modeling; concrete durability; NDT and sensing; nano- and biological technologies in construction; and carbon-negative recovery of critical minerals (e.g., Ni, Co, Li, and Cu)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The construction industry is shifting toward sustainability, focusing on reducing carbon emissions associated with concrete production, construction activities, and structures. The carbon emission from concrete production accounts for 7–8% of global atmospheric CO2 emission, and the carbon emission from buildings due to thermal loads is responsible for >10%. Achieving the paramount transformation to a sustainable construction industry will make a significant difference in combating climate change. To this end, much more research endeavor is needed, regarding (1) alternative cement formulations, including the novel low-carbon cement and the use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to partially replace cement; (2) recycled aggregates from solid waste and demolished concrete as sustainable alternatives; (3) optimization of concrete mixture to minimize cementitious material content while maintaining performance and durability, or enhancing concrete durability; (4) innovative construction techniques, such as 3D printing and prefabrication, to improve construction efficiency; (5)  carbon capture from industrial emissions and carbon utilization in concrete production, including techniques such as injecting CO2 into fresh concrete, carbon curing, and carbon mineralization in cement/SCMs/aggregates; (6) carbon footprint reduction innovations, such as adoption of green energy; (7) carbon footprint and cost estimation over the life cycle of materials and structures; (8) the embracement of green structures through novel design, low-carbon materials, decarbonation techniques, and artificial intelligence; and (9) large-scale deployment and relevant regulations development.

We invite you to contribute your innovative findings in the above-mentioned aspects to propel the discourse on advancements in low-carbon concrete structures, fighting together for a zero-carbon construction industry. In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. The topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Novel low-carbon cement (e.g., low-calcium cement, blended cement, magnesium phosphate cement, and geopolymer);
  • Conventional and alternative SCMs;
  • Low-carbon concrete (e.g., novel admixtures, recycled aggregate, low-cement mixture design, and high-performance concrete);
  • Carbon utilization techniques in concrete;
  • Low-carbon concrete structure;
  • Integration of machine learning or artificial intelligence;
  • Innovations in construction (e.g., green energy and 3D printing);
  • Intelligent structure and materials;
  • Energy-saving structures (e.g., phase change material-integrated functional concrete structure);
  • Carbon footprint calculation and Life cycle assessment (LCA);
  • Standards/Policies/Certificates development for low-carbon materials/structures.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Wenyu Liao
Dr. Jihui Qin
Dr. Hongyan Ma
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • low-carbon structure
  • low-carbon concrete
  • supplementary cementitious material (SCM)
  • alternative cementitious material
  • carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
  • carbon footprint
  • embodied carbon
  • thermal energy storage (TES)
  • life cycle assessment (LCA).

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3210 KiB  
Article
Performance Improvement of Steel Fiber Reinforced High-Performance Concrete Cured by Electric-Induced Heating Under Negative Temperature by Mix Proportion Optimization
by Yishu Zhang, Han Wang and Wei Wang
Materials 2025, 18(10), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18102231 - 12 May 2025
Viewed by 210
Abstract
To address the insufficient early strength development of steel-fiber-reinforced high-performance concrete (SF-HPC) under subzero temperatures, this study proposes an electric-induced heating curing method for SF-HPC fabrication at −20 °C. The effects of mix parameters, including steel fiber content, water-to-binder ratio, silica fume dosage, [...] Read more.
To address the insufficient early strength development of steel-fiber-reinforced high-performance concrete (SF-HPC) under subzero temperatures, this study proposes an electric-induced heating curing method for SF-HPC fabrication at −20 °C. The effects of mix parameters, including steel fiber content, water-to-binder ratio, silica fume dosage, and fine aggregate gradation, on the curing temperature and mechanical properties of SF-HPC were systematically investigated. The optimal mix proportion was identified through the curing temperature and compressive strength development for the specimens. Results revealed that compressive strength initially increased and then decreased with higher silica fume content and fine aggregate replacement ratios, while increased water-to-binder ratios positively influenced curing efficiency and strength development. The optimal mix comprised 2.0 vol% steel fibers, a water-to-binder ratio of 0.22, 20% silica fume, and 60% fine aggregate replacement. Further, comparative analyses of electric-induced heating curing, room-temperature curing, and high-temperature steam curing revealed that electric-induced heating curing can promote the strength formation of SF-HPC in a negative-temperature environment. Microstructural characterization via BET analysis demonstrated that electric-induced heating curing refined the pore structure of SF-HPC. These findings highlight the benefits of electric-induced heating as an efficient strategy for fabricating SF-HPC in cold climates, providing theoretical and practical insights for winter construction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low Carbon Concrete and Structures)
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22 pages, 8889 KiB  
Article
Anti-Corrosion Performance of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement Coating on Steel Reinforcement: The Effect of Boric Acid
by Fan Zhang, Jihui Qin, Kangyi Cai, John J. Myers and Hongyan Ma
Materials 2024, 17(21), 5310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17215310 - 31 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 900
Abstract
It has recently been found that magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) paste coating applied on the surface of steel reinforcement can effectively retard the onset of corrosion and suppress corrosion reactions. However, the fast-setting nature of MKPC—which is a merit in repair—can be [...] Read more.
It has recently been found that magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) paste coating applied on the surface of steel reinforcement can effectively retard the onset of corrosion and suppress corrosion reactions. However, the fast-setting nature of MKPC—which is a merit in repair—can be problematic in a practical engineering process of coating the steel reinforcement with MKPC paste. To address this problem, boric acid (H3BO3) was added as a retarder in an MKPC formulation to prolong the setting time. This work investigated the impact of boric acid (at 5% by weight of MgO) on the anti-corrosion performance of MKPC paste coating through a series of electrochemical (EC) tests. The results showed that the anti-corrosion performance of MKPC paste coating for a mild steel bar could be interfered with by the presence of boric acid. In the same testing situation (immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl corrosion solution), the polarization resistance and corrosion current density of the group including boric acid were inferior and exceeded the corrosion thresholds prior to the control group without boric acid. Meanwhile, the time constant phase in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 10 kHz was rarely observed, implying that the presence of boric acid probably impaired the formation of the passivation layer. This decrease in anti-corrosion performance of MKPC paste coating could be related to the larger volume fraction of pores in the range from 0.1 to 10 µm that are formed during the initial stage of coating formation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low Carbon Concrete and Structures)
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19 pages, 7303 KiB  
Article
Chloride Binding Behavior and Pore Structure Characteristics of Low-Calcium High-Strength Cement Pastes
by Ziwei Wang, Minglei Guo, Chunlin Liu, Zhong Lv, Tengfei Xiang, Shunquan Zhang and Depeng Chen
Materials 2024, 17(13), 3129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17133129 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1251
Abstract
While Portland cement produces large amounts of carbon dioxide, low-calcium high-strength cements effectively reduce carbon emissions by decreasing the proportion of high-calcium minerals. In order to enhance the practical application value of low-calcium high-strength cement, the effects of mineral admixtures on the chloride [...] Read more.
While Portland cement produces large amounts of carbon dioxide, low-calcium high-strength cements effectively reduce carbon emissions by decreasing the proportion of high-calcium minerals. In order to enhance the practical application value of low-calcium high-strength cement, the effects of mineral admixtures on the chloride binding capacity and pore structure characteristics of low-calcium high-strength cement pastes were investigated by equilibrium method and mercury intrusion method. The results showed that the chloride binding capacity of low-calcium high-strength cement pastes is superior to that of Portland cement. Fly ash and slag enhance this capacity by promoting monosulfoaluminate and C-S-H gel formation, with fly ash being more effective. Ground limestone also boosts chloride binding when incorporated at less than 10 wt%. However, sulfates have a more significant negative impact on chloride binding capacity in low-calcium high-strength cement pastes compared to Portland cement. The porosity of low-calcium high-strength cement pastes exhibits contrasting trends with the addition of fly ash, ground limestone, and slag. Fly ash and limestone initially coarsen the pore structure but later facilitate the transition of larger pores to smaller ones. In contrast, slag initially has little impact but later promotes the conversion of large capillary pores to medium ones, optimizing the pore structure. Notably, above 10 wt% fly ash, the critical pore diameter decreases with additional fly ash except at 10% where it increases for 3 days. Ground limestone enlarges the critical pore diameter, and this effect intensifies with higher content. During early hydration, slag decreases the critical pore diameter, but its impact diminishes in later stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low Carbon Concrete and Structures)
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Review

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34 pages, 3878 KiB  
Review
Influences of Additives on the Rheological Properties of Cement Composites: A Review of Material Impacts
by Ke Xu, Jie Yang, Haijie He, Jingjie Wei and Yanping Zhu
Materials 2025, 18(8), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081753 - 11 Apr 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 584
Abstract
Cement-based materials are essential in modern construction, valued for their versatility and performance. Rheological properties, including yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy, play indispensable roles in optimizing the workability, stability, and overall performance of cement composites. This review explores the effects of supplementary [...] Read more.
Cement-based materials are essential in modern construction, valued for their versatility and performance. Rheological properties, including yield stress, plastic viscosity, and thixotropy, play indispensable roles in optimizing the workability, stability, and overall performance of cement composites. This review explores the effects of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), chemical admixtures, nanomaterials, and internal curing agents on modulating rheological properties. Specifically, SCMs, including fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), and silica fume (SF), generally improve the rheology of concrete while reducing the cement content and CO2 emissions. Regarding chemical admixtures, like superplasticizers (SPs), viscosity-modifying agents (VMAs), setting-time control agents, and superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), they further optimize flow and cohesion, addressing issues such as segregation and early-age shrinkage. Nanomaterials, including nano-silica (NS) and graphene oxide (GO), can enhance viscosity and mechanical properties at the microstructural level. By integrating these materials above, it can tailor concrete for specific applications, thereby improving both performance and sustainability. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of recent literature, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative methods to assess the impacts of various additives on the rheological properties of cement-based materials. It underscores the pivotal roles of rheological properties in optimizing the workability, stability, and overall performance of cement composites. The review further explores the influences of SCMs, chemical admixtures, nanomaterials, and internal curing agents on rheological modulation. Through the strategic integration of these materials, it is possible to enhance both the performance and sustainability of cement composites, ultimately reducing carbon emissions and advancing the development of eco-friendly construction materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low Carbon Concrete and Structures)
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