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Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Advanced Composites and Structures
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Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Advanced Composites and Structures

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2025) | Viewed by 8630

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Anna Knitter-Piątkowska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Structural Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Interests: damage detection; wavelet transform; non-destructive testing; acoustic emis-sion method; corrugated cardboard
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Michał Jan Guminiak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Structural Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Interests: structural analysis; boundary elements; finite elements; plate and shell analy-sis; fluid–structure interactions
Dr. Tomasz Gajewski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Structural Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Interests: computational mechanics; inverse problem; composites; nonlinear materials; experimental techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Widely understood composites consist of at least two components with different properties, combined in such a way that the final material acquires new properties compared to the properties of component materials and often becomes an anisotropic material. Composites have revolutionized the modern field of materials and enabled interesting and new developments in various branches of engineering. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of composite materials in numerous applications (e.g., in civil engineering; the shipbuilding industry; aviation; the railway and automotive industry; chemical, petrochemical, and food industries; electrical engineering; the machinery industry; or even sports equipment). The issue of the early detection, location, and estimation of damage in such materials and structures is one of the most important engineering problems because it is closely related to the safety and durability of the facility. New directions of research are indicated, different approaches are used, and many advanced methods are developed.

In this Special Issue, we would like to exchange experiences and achievements in the field of failure detection, with emphasis on the nondestructive testing of advanced composites and structures. We encourage the authors and Materials readers to submit scientific papers for the Special Issue, with particular emphasis on papers supported by numerical, analytical, or experimental research with examples of applications of various methods of analysis. With this Special Issue, we would like to disseminate the experience and knowledge among researchers, designers, manufacturers, and users in this exciting field.

Dr. Anna Knitter-Piątkowska
Prof. Dr. Michał Jan Guminiak
Dr. Tomasz Gajewski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • non-destructive testing
  • experimental techniques
  • mechanics of materials
  • structural mechanics
  • material identification
  • damage detection
  • optimization
  • signal processing
  • composites
  • anizotropy

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4755 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Immersion and Portable Ultrasonic Housing to Quantify the Adhesive Bond Thickness and Sizing of Foreign Objects
by Nathaniel J. Blackman, Benjamin M. Blandford and David A. Jack
Materials 2024, 17(20), 5111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17205111 - 19 Oct 2024
Viewed by 912
Abstract
High-performance materials, such as carbon fiber laminates, are costly to manufacture and are often used in demanding environments requiring the use of high-resolution non-destructive testing (NDT) methods to confirm the integrity of the parts. One NDT method that has shown promise for qualifying [...] Read more.
High-performance materials, such as carbon fiber laminates, are costly to manufacture and are often used in demanding environments requiring the use of high-resolution non-destructive testing (NDT) methods to confirm the integrity of the parts. One NDT method that has shown promise for qualifying carbon fiber laminates is the use of immersion ultrasound with spherically focused probes. However, many parts may not be submersible in an immersion tank due to size or material constraints. These parts must be scanned with contact transducers with inferior resolutions or with expensive and messy systems such as bubblers. This research presents the use of a novel housing system that allows for the use of focused immersion transducers in an out-of-tank portable ultrasonic scanning application. This work presents a comparison between scans taken using a custom high-resolution immersion system and scans taken using the presented housing. There are a wide variety of potential inspection applications for this novel system, and the present work focused on two specific applications: the quantification of the spatially varying adhesive thickness in bonded carbon fiber laminates and the quantification of foreign object inclusions in carbon fiber laminates. The results presented show that scans using the portable housing are comparable in quality to scans performed using an immersion system. Specifically, both inspection approaches had an average error of 0.04 mm when quantifying the adhesive thickness of a bonded composite, and for the foreign object detection, the error in quantifying the dimensions of the embedded foreign object was 0.1 mm and 0.2 mm for the immersion system and the portable inspection system, respectively. The demonstration was performed in a laboratory setting, but a discussion is provided for the necessary improvements needed to extend the system for use in field applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Advanced Composites and Structures)
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21 pages, 9278 KiB  
Article
Stress and Microstructures Characterization Based on Magnetic Incremental Permeability and Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Techniques
by Hongwei Sheng, Ping Wang, Yuan Yang and Chenglong Tang
Materials 2024, 17(11), 2657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112657 - 31 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 917
Abstract
Both microstructure and stress affect the structure and kinematic properties of magnetic domains. In fact, microstructural and stress variations often coexist. However, the coupling of microstructure and stress on magnetic domains is seldom considered in the evaluation of microstructural characteristics. In this investigation, [...] Read more.
Both microstructure and stress affect the structure and kinematic properties of magnetic domains. In fact, microstructural and stress variations often coexist. However, the coupling of microstructure and stress on magnetic domains is seldom considered in the evaluation of microstructural characteristics. In this investigation, Magnetic incremental permeability (MIP) and magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) techniques are used to study the coupling effect of characteristic microstructure and stress on the reversible and irreversible motions of magnetic domains, and the quantitative relationship between microstructure and magnetic domain characteristics is established. Considering the coupling effect of microstructure and stress on magnetic domains, a patterned characterization method of microstructure and stress is innovatively proposed. Pattern recognition based on the Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) model is realized for microstructure and stress with an accuracy rate higher than 97%. The results show that the pattern recognition accuracy of magnetic domain features and micro-magnetic features simultaneously as input parameters is higher than that of micro-magnetic features alone as input parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Advanced Composites and Structures)
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15 pages, 6289 KiB  
Article
Automated Foreign Object Detection for Carbon Fiber Laminates Using High-Resolution Ultrasound Testing
by Rifat Ara Nargis, Daniel P. Pulipati and David A. Jack
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102381 - 16 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1348
Abstract
Carbon fiber laminates have become popular in the manufacturing industry for their many desirable properties, like good vibration damping, high strength-to-weight ratio, toughness, high dimensional stability, and low coefficient of thermal expansion. During the manufacturing process, undesirable foreign objects, such as peel-ply strips, [...] Read more.
Carbon fiber laminates have become popular in the manufacturing industry for their many desirable properties, like good vibration damping, high strength-to-weight ratio, toughness, high dimensional stability, and low coefficient of thermal expansion. During the manufacturing process, undesirable foreign objects, such as peel-ply strips, gloving material, and Kapton film, can be introduced into the part which can lead to a localized weakness. These manufacturing defects can function as stress concentration points and oftentimes cause a premature catastrophic failure. In this study, a method using high-resolution pulse-echo ultrasound testing is employed for the detection and quantification of the dimensions of foreign object debris (FOD) embedded within carbon fiber laminates. This research presents a method to create high-resolution C-scans using an out of immersion tank portable housing ultrasound scanning system, with similar capabilities to that of a full immersion system. From the full-waveform dataset, we extract the FOD depth and planar dimensions with an automatic edge detection technique. Results from several carbon fiber laminates are investigated with embedded foreign objects that are often considered undetectable. Results are presented for FOD identification for two different shapes: circles with diameters ranging from 7.62 mm to 12.7 mm, and 3-4-5 triangles with hypotenuses ranging from 7.6 mm to 12.7 mm. CT imaging is used to confirm proper FOD placement and that the FOD was not damaged or altered during manufacturing. Of importance for the ultrasound inspection results, in every single case studied, the FOD is detected, the layer depth is properly identified, and the typical error is less than 1.5 mm for the primary dimension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Advanced Composites and Structures)
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13 pages, 3245 KiB  
Article
Numerical Modelling of the Heat Source and the Thermal Response of an Additively Manufactured Composite during an Active Thermographic Inspection
by Arnaud Notebaert, Julien Quinten, Marc Moonens, Vedi Olmez, Camila Barros, Sebastião Simões Cunha, Jr. and Anthonin Demarbaix
Materials 2024, 17(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010013 - 19 Dec 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1455
Abstract
This paper deals with the numerical modelling of non-destructive testing of composite parts using active thermography. This method has emerged as a new approach for performing non-destructive testing (NDT) on continuous carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic polymer (CCFRTP) components, particularly in view of detecting [...] Read more.
This paper deals with the numerical modelling of non-destructive testing of composite parts using active thermography. This method has emerged as a new approach for performing non-destructive testing (NDT) on continuous carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic polymer (CCFRTP) components, particularly in view of detecting porosity or delamination. In this context, our numerical model has been developed around references containing internal defects of various shapes and sizes. The first novelty lies in the fact that the heat source used in the experimental setup is modelled exhaustively to accurately model the radiation emitted by the lamp, as well as the convection and conduction around the bulb. A second novelty concerns the modelling of the CCFRTP making up the benchmark used. Indeed, its thermal properties vary as a function of the sample temperature. Therefore, the actual thermal properties have been experimentally measured and were later used in our model. The latter then captures the material dependency on temperature. The results obtained by our model proved to be in close agreement with the experimental results on real reference points, paving the way for future use of the model to optimise experimental configurations and, in particular, the heating parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Advanced Composites and Structures)
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20 pages, 3798 KiB  
Article
Computer-Aided Structural Diagnosis of Bridges Using Combinations of Static and Dynamic Tests: A Preliminary Investigation
by Tomasz Garbowski, Aram Cornaggia, Maciej Zaborowicz and Sławomir Sowa
Materials 2023, 16(24), 7512; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16247512 - 5 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1153
Abstract
Reinforced concrete bridges deteriorate over time, therefore displaying a regular need for structural assessment and diagnosis. The reasons for their deterioration are often the following: (a) intensive use, (b) very dynamic loads acting for long periods of time, (c) and sometimes chemical processes [...] Read more.
Reinforced concrete bridges deteriorate over time, therefore displaying a regular need for structural assessment and diagnosis. The reasons for their deterioration are often the following: (a) intensive use, (b) very dynamic loads acting for long periods of time, (c) and sometimes chemical processes that damage the concrete or lead to corrosion of the reinforcement. Assuming the hypothesis that both the stiffness of the material and its density change over time, these parameters shall be identified, preferably in a non-destructive way, in different locations of the investigated structure. Such task is expected to be possibly exerted by means of one or more tests, which must not be laborious or cause the bridge to be out of service for a long time. In this paper, an attempt is made to prepare a procedure based on dynamic tests supplemented with several static measurements, in order to identify the largest number of parameters in the shortest possible time, within an inverse analysis methodology. The proposed procedure employs a popular algorithm for minimizing the objective function, i.e., trust region in the least square framework, as part of the inverse analysis, where the difference between measurements made in situ and those calculated numerically is minimized. As a result of the work performed, optimal sets of measurements and test configurations are proposed, allowing the searched parameters to be found in a reliable manner, with the greatest possible precision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Advanced Composites and Structures)
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22 pages, 13654 KiB  
Article
Structure Analysis and Its Correlation with Mechanical Properties of Microcellular Polyamide Composites Reinforced with Glass Fibers
by Piotr Szewczykowski, Dariusz Sykutera, Piotr Czyżewski, Mieczysław Cieszko, Zbigniew Szczepański and Bartosz Nowinka
Materials 2023, 16(23), 7501; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16237501 - 4 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1803
Abstract
Thin-walled and thick-walled microcellular moldings were obtained by MuCell® technology with nitrogen as a supercritical fluid. 2 mm thick polyamide 6 (PA6) with 30% wt. glass fiber (GF) samples were cut from automotive industrial elements, while 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8.4 [...] Read more.
Thin-walled and thick-walled microcellular moldings were obtained by MuCell® technology with nitrogen as a supercritical fluid. 2 mm thick polyamide 6 (PA6) with 30% wt. glass fiber (GF) samples were cut from automotive industrial elements, while 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8.4 mm thick moldings of PA6.6 with 30% wt. GF were molded into a dumbbell shape. The internal structure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT) and compared by numerical simulations for microcellular moldings using Moldex3D® 2022 software. Young’s modulus, and tensile and impact strength were investigated. Weak mechanical properties of 2 mm thick samples and excellent results for thick-walled moldings were explained. SEM pictures, micro-CT, and simulation graphs revealed the tendency to decrease the cell size diameter together with increasing sample thickness from 2 mm up to 8.4 mm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of Advanced Composites and Structures)
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