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Special Issue "Advances in Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials and Structures"

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Materials Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2024 | Viewed by 2295

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Hyunjo Jeong

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
Interests: ultrasound NDE; signal processing; nonlinear ultrasound; time reversal; metamaterials
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Today, a variety of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) concepts and technologies are used in all fields of engineering, from design to manufacturing to in-service inspection of materials and structures in various industrial sectors. For example, new material processing technologies such as 3D printing allow the efficient production of complicated parts, but the need for NDEs is very high. Condition monitoring and diagnosis of batteries for electric vehicles is also one of the areas of high demand in the NDE field.

The control and manipulation of acoustic/elastic waves has been made possible by the presence of metamaterials, which possess many potential applications. The imminent impacts of metamaterial-based sensors and devices are expected to significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of existing NDE methods.

NDE is also playing an important role in the structural integrity and condition monitoring of major parts and structures, especially in chemical and power plants, oil and gas pipelines, transport systems, aerospace, and other industrial applications.

This Special Issue of Materials is intended to cover a broad spectrum from conventional to advanced NDE, including new methods, instrumentation, sensors, detection and characterization, and data analytics as applied to all types of engineering materials and structures in all industrial sectors for material processing monitoring, product quality control, structural condition monitoring, life estimation, and related areas. This Special Issue will cover a wide range of research topics that are relevant to NDE, including, but not limited to, the following:

NDE of additively manufactured products, metamaterials and batteries
Metamaterials-based sensing and applications
Defect detection, imaging, and characterization
Material state relations - stress, strain and mechanical properties
Corrosion, leakage, microcracks and microdamage
Phased array techniques and signal processing
Guided wave inspection and acoustic emission
Nonlinear ultrasound and time reversal
SHM and condition estimation
Machine learning and artificial intelligence

Prof. Dr. Hyunjo Jeong
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

NDE of additively manufactured products, metamaterials and batteries
metamaterials-based sensing and applications
defect detection, imaging, and characterization
material state relations - stress, strain and mechanical properties
corrosion, leakage, microcracks and microdamage
phased array techniques and signal processing
guided wave inspection and acoustic emission
nonlinear ultrasound and time reversal
SHM and condition estimation
machine learning and artificial intelligence

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nondestructive Evaluation of Residual Stress in Shot Peened Inconel Using Ultrasonic Minimum Reflection Measurement

and

Materials 2023, 16(14), 5075; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16145075 - 18 Jul 2023

Viewed by 359

Abstract

Shot peening is a process wherein the surface of a material is impacted by small, spherical metal shots at high velocity to create residual stresses. Nickel-based superalloy is a material with high strength and hardness along with excellent corrosion and fatigue resistance, and it is therefore used in nuclear power plants and aerospace applications. The application of shot peening to INCONEL, a nickel-based superalloy, has been actively researched, and the measurement of residual stresses has been studied as well. Previous studies have used methods such as perforation strain gauge analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to measure residual stress, which can be evaluated with high accuracy, but doing so damages the specimen and involves critical risks to operator safety due to radiation. On the other hand, ultrasonic testing (UT), which utilizes ultrasonic wave, has the advantage of relatively low unit cost and short test time. One UT method, minimum reflection measurement, uses Rayleigh waves to evaluate the properties of material surfaces. Therefore, the present study utilized ultrasonic minimum reflectivity measurements to evaluate the residual stresses in INCONEL specimens. Specifically, this study utilized ultrasonic minimum reflection measurements to evaluate the residual stress in INCONEL 718 specimens. Moreover, an estimation equation was assumed using exponential functions to estimate the residual stress with depth using the obtained data, and an optimization problem was solved to determine it. Finally, to evaluate the estimated residual stress graph, the residual stress of the specimen was measured and compared using the XRD method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials and Structures)

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Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Measurement and In-Depth Analysis of Higher Harmonic Generation in Aluminum Alloys with Consideration of Source Nonlinearity

and

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4453; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124453 - 18 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 553

Abstract

Harmonic generation measurement is recognized as a promising tool for inspecting material state or micro-damage and is an ongoing research topic. Second harmonic generation is most frequently employed and provides the quadratic nonlinearity parameter (

β

) that is calculated by the measurement [...] Read more.

β

) that is calculated by the measurement of fundamental and second harmonic amplitudes. The cubic nonlinearity parameter (

β^{2}

), which dominates the third harmonic amplitude and is obtained by third harmonic generation, is often used as a more sensitive parameter in many applications. This paper presents a detailed procedure for determining the correct

β^{2}

of ductile polycrystalline metal samples such as aluminum alloys when there exists source nonlinearity. The procedure includes receiver calibration, diffraction, and attenuation correction and, more importantly, source nonlinearity correction for third harmonic amplitudes. The effect of these corrections on the measurement of

β^{2}

is presented for aluminum specimens of various thicknesses at various input power levels. By correcting the source nonlinearity of the third harmonic and further verifying the approximate relationship between the cubic nonlinearity parameter and the square of the quadratic nonlinearity parameter (

β * β

β^{2} \approx β * β

, the cubic nonlinearity parameters could be accurately determined even with thinner samples and lower input voltages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials and Structures)

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Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Nearly Perfect Transmission of Lamé Modes in a Rectangular Beam with Part and Through-Thickness Vertical Cracks

and

Materials 2023, 16(11), 4164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16114164 - 02 Jun 2023

Viewed by 543

Abstract

The guided waves in the uniform waveguide of rectangular cross-section exhibit complicated propagation and scattering characteristics due to the diversity of vibration modes. This paper focuses on the mode conversion of the lowest Lamé mode at a part-through or through-thickness crack. Firstly, the Floquet periodicity boundary condition is applied to derive the dispersion curves in the rectangular beam, which relates the axial wavenumber to the frequency. On this basis, the frequency domain analysis is conducted to investigate the interaction between the fundamental longitudinal mode in the vicinity of the first Lamé frequency and a part-through or through-thickness vertical or inclined crack. Finally, the nearly perfect transmission frequency is evaluated by extracting displacement and stress harmonic fields throughout the cross-section. It is shown that this frequency originates from the first Lamé frequency, increases with the crack depth, and decreases with the crack width. Between them, the crack depth plays a major role in the frequency variation. In addition, the nearly perfect transmission frequency is negligibly affected by the beam thickness, and such a phenomenon is not observed for inclined cracks. The nearly perfect transmission may have potential applications in the quantitative evaluation of crack size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials and Structures)

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Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Imaging of Fiber Waviness in Thick Composites with Unknown Material Properties Using Probability-Based Ultrasound Non-Reciprocity

and

Materials 2023, 16(10), 3786; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103786 - 17 May 2023

Viewed by 452

Abstract

Fiber waviness and voids may be produced in thick composites due to improper manufacturing conditions and consequently pose a risk of structural failure. A proof-of-concept solution for imaging fiber waviness in thick porous composites was proposed from both numerical and experimental studies, via calculating ultrasound non-reciprocity along different wave paths in a sensing network constructed by two phased array probes. Time-frequency analyses were conducted to reveal the cause of ultrasound non-reciprocity in wavy composites. Subsequently, the number of elements in the probes and excitation voltages was determined for fiber waviness imaging using the ultrasound non-reciprocity with a probability-based diagnostic algorithm. The fiber angle gradient was observed to cause ultrasound non-reciprocity and fiber waviness in the thick wavy composites were successfully imaged regardless of presence of voids. This study proposes a new feature for the ultrasonic imaging of fiber waviness and is expected to contribute to processing improvement in thick composites without prior knowledge of material anisotropy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials and Structures)

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Figure 1

Planned Papers

The below list represents only planned manuscripts. Some of these manuscripts have not been received by the Editorial Office yet. Papers submitted to MDPI journals are subject to peer-review.

Title: Fabrication and characterization of a metamaterial filter in realization of higher harmonic bandgaps with emphasis on third harmonic suppression
Authors: Hyunjo Jeong, Jinho Kang, Hyeonu Heo, Tae-Youl Choi
Affiliation: 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, South Korea 2Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76209, USA 3Graduate Program in Acoustics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
Abstract: Nonlinear ultrasonic testing (NLUT) takes advantage of the higher harmonics produced by microscopic damages and imperfections when a finite amplitude fundamental wave propagates in a solid sample. Reliable and accurate test results require measurements of pure nonlinearities of the sample by removing any external nonlinear harmonic components that may arise from the electronics and experimental setup. For this purpose, phononic crystals and metamaterials can be implemented to filter the second or/and third harmonic frequencies while allowing the fundamental frequency to enter the specimen. This paper focuses on the development of a phononic crystal with a wide frequency range bandgap especially to eliminate the third harmonic component. The 1D PnC filter made of a periodic arrangement of solid-solid layers was designed and analyzed to provide a band gap that blocks higher harmonics, while passing the fundamental frequency. The PnC filter was fabricated using a newly devised brazing process, and experimentally characterized in the linear and nonlinear ultrasonic regime to investigate the spectral response and verify the band gap. The transmission response showed more than 30 dB attenuation in the designed band gap and matched well with the theoretical calculations.

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