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Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II)

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2024) | Viewed by 15518

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Prof. Dr. Nicoleta Ilie

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Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU, 80336 Munich, Germany
Interests: structure–property relationship in dental materials; characterization of materials; strategies for simplified restorative concepts; novel monomer; filler systems for dental materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Special Issue, “Novel Dental Restorative Materials”, aims to offer a broad overview of current and modern dental restoration materials, while connecting their potential development strategies, properties, clinical applications, and performance. A platform should thus be provided to present innovative dental material developments, involving a vast area of application and treatment strategies, but also to appraise the pertinence of the performance and behavior of already-established materials and treatments. This should permit a valuation of dental materials and treatments that are currently available, help to identify their deficits, provide solutions, and emphasize the needs and directions for further developments. The submission of original high-quality research papers and comprehensive reviews which address the state-of-the-art in dental restorative materials and treatments is therefore encouraged.

Prof. Dr. Nicoleta Ilie
Guest Editor

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Keywords

dental materials
properties
clinical assessment
application techniques
performance

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinetic of Light Transmission during Setting and Aging of Modern Flowable Bulk-Fill Composites

by Nicoleta Ilie and Christof Högg

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174292 - 30 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 993

Abstract

The current development of dental materials aims to improve their properties and expand their clinical application. New flowable bulk-fill composites have been released which, unlike what was previously common in this material category, are intended to be used alone and without a top layer, in various cavities. The study compares their kinetic of light transmission during monomer-to-polymer conversion on a laboratory-grade spectrometer, as well as their elastoplastic and aging behavior under simulated clinical conditions. Major differences in the kinetic of light transmission was observed, which is related to the degree of mismatch between the refractive indices of filler and polymer matrix during polymerization and/or the type of initiator used. Compared to the literature data, the kinetic of light transmission do not always correlate with the kinetic of functional group conversion, and therefore should not be used to assess polymerization quality or to determine an appropriate exposure time. Furthermore, the initial mechanical properties are directly related to the volumetric amount of filler, but degradation during aging must be considered as a multifactorial event. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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16 pages, 3724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation and Characterization of New Experimental Dental Composites with Zirconium Filling in Different Forms

by Dipa Rani Mohajon, Doina Prodan, Marioara Moldovan, Ioan Petean, Stanca Cuc, Miuta Filip, Rahela Carpa, Georgiana Florentina Gheorghe and Codruţa Liana Saroşi

Materials 2024, 17(11), 2711; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17112711 - 3 Jun 2024

Viewed by 986

Abstract

Short glass fibers are generally used in posterior dental restorations to enhance the mechanical properties and improve the material microstructure. Two resin-based composites (S0 and SF) were formulated and characterized to investigate the influence of zirconium in their characteristics and properties. The organic part of the investigated materials was the same (BisGMA, TEGDMA, and a photochemical polymerization system), and in the inorganic part, besides quart, glassA, and hydroxylapatite with Zn, sample S0 contained strontium glass with zirconium and sample SF contained fiber powder of chopped zirconium. The samples were characterized by the degree of conversion (DC), mechanical properties, water sorption (WS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after the WS test, and antimicrobial properties. The results obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s statistical tests. Both samples had a high DC. Regarding the mechanical properties, both samples were very similar, except DTS, which was higher for the composite without fibers. After 14 days, the WS value of the SF sample was lower than that of the S0 sample. Water caused significant changes in the topography of the SF sample, but thanks to its antimicrobial properties and the diffusion phenomenon, SF had a more pronounced antimicrobial effect. This study shows that the addition of appropriate amounts of Sr-Zr-glass powder gives the material in which it is added similar properties to material containing chopped zirconium glass fiber powder. According to the antimicrobial test results, resin composites containing experimental zirconia fillings can be considered in future in vitro clinical studies for posterior reconstructions with significantly improved mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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13 pages, 1335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Year Evaluation of High-Power Rapid Curing on Dentin Bond Strength

by Eva Klarić, Josipa Vukelja Bosnić, Matej Par, Zrinka Tarle and Danijela Marovic

Materials 2024, 17(10), 2297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102297 - 13 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1148

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of 3 s light-curing with a high-power LED curing unit on the shear bond strength of bulk-fill composites. Four bulk-fill composites were bonded to dentin with a universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal Plus): two materials designed for rapid curing (Tetric PowerFill and Tetric PowerFlow) and two controls (Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative and SDR Plus Bulk Fill Flowable). The 4 mm composite layer was light-cured with Bluephase PowerCure for 20 s at 1000 mW/cm² (“20 s”) or for 3 s at 3000 mW/cm² (“3 s”). The samples were stored at 37 °C in distilled water and tested after 1, 6 and 12 months. The samples polymerised in the “3 s” mode had statistically similar or higher bond strength than the samples cured in “20 s” mode, except for the Tetric PowerFlow (1 month) and SDR+ (6 month). The flowable materials Tetric PowerFlow and SDR Plus initially showed the highest values in the “3 s” and “20 s” groups, which decreased after 12 months. The bond strength was statistically similar for all materials and curing protocols after 12 months, except for Tetric PowerFill cured with the “3 s” protocol (21.22 ± 5.0 MPa), which showed the highest value. Tetric PowerFill showed the highest long-term bond strength. While “3 s” curing resulted in equal or better shear bond strength, its use can only be recommended for a material with an AFCT agent such as Tetric PowerFill. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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13 pages, 3473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Microstructure, Optical Properties, and Mechanical Behavior of a Temporary 3D Printing Resin: Impact of Post-Curing Time

by Joyce Roma Correia dos Santos Siqueira, Rita Maria Morejon Rodriguez, Tiago Moreira Bastos Campos, Nathalia de Carvalho Ramos, Marco Antonio Bottino and João Paulo Mendes Tribst

Materials 2024, 17(7), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071496 - 26 Mar 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1951

Abstract

The present study aimed to characterize the microstructure of a temporary 3D printing polymer-based composite material (Resilab Temp), evaluating its optical properties and mechanical behavior according to different post-curing times. For the analysis of the surface microstructure and establishment of the best printing pattern, samples in bar format following ISO 4049 (25 × 10 × 3 mm) were designed in CAD software (Rhinoceros 6.0), printed on a W3D printer (Wilcos), and light-cured in Anycubic Photon for different lengths of time (no post-curing, 16 min, 32 min, and 60 min). For the structural characterization, analyses were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical behavior of this polymer-based composite material was determined based on flexural strength tests and Knoop microhardness. Color and translucency analysis were performed using a spectrophotometer (VITA Easy Shade Advanced 4.0), which was then evaluated in CIELab, using gray, black, and white backgrounds. All analyses were performed immediately after making the samples and repeated after thermal aging over two thousand cycles (5–55 °C). The results obtained were statistically analyzed with a significance level of 5%. FT-IR analysis showed about a 46% degree of conversion on the surface and 37% in the center of the resin sample. The flexural strength was higher for the groups polymerized for 32 min and 1 h, while the Knoop microhardness did not show a statistical difference between the groups. Color and translucency analysis also did not show statistical differences between groups. According to all of the analyses carried out in this study, for the evaluated material, a post-polymerization time of 1 h should be suggested to improve the mechanical performance of 3D-printed devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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11 pages, 8460 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Antibacterial Resin Composites Incorporating Poly(METAC) Clusters

by Tomoki Kohno, Haruaki Kitagawa, Ririko Tsuboi, Fan Deng, Hirohiko Sakai, Tingyi Wu, Yo-Shiuan Fan, Linghao Xiao and Satoshi Imazato

Materials 2024, 17(4), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040896 - 15 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1768

Abstract

This study examined the antibacterial effects and physical properties of a novel resin composite incorporating poly[{2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl}trimethylammonium chloride] (poly(METAC)), a methacrylate cationic polymer comprising quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). Resin composites incorporating poly(METAC) were fabricated by adding 6 wt.% METAC aqueous solution to a commercially available resin composite. The FE-SEM/EDS and Raman spec-troscopy analyses showed that METAC was assembled and polymerized in the resin composites after curing. The antibacterial effect was evaluated by inoculating Streptococcus mutans or Strepto-coccus sobrinus suspensions on the surface of cured resin composites, and the experimental resin composites incorporating poly(METAC) clusters exhibited bactericidal effects even after 28 days of ageing. The physical properties of the experimental resin composites were within the ISO-stipulated ranges. Newly fabricated resin composites containing the QAC-based poly(METAC) cluster ex-hibited long-term bactericidal effects against oral bacteria on their surfaces and demonstrated ac-ceptable physical properties for clinical use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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20 pages, 8313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibition of Caries around Restoration by Ion-Releasing Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Optical Coherence Tomography and Micro-Computed Tomography Evaluation

by Eman H. Albelasy, Ruoqiong Chen, Alex Fok, Marmar Montasser, Hamdi H. Hamama, Salah H. Mahmoud, Tamer Abdelrehim and Hooi Pin Chew

Materials 2023, 16(16), 5558; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16165558 - 10 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2027

Abstract

The objective of this study was firstly to assess the demineralization inhibitory effect of ion-releasing restorations in enamel adjacent to restoration using a biofilm caries model and secondly to compare the effect to that in a chemical caries model. Fifty-six bovine incisors were filled with either Surefil one (SuO), Cention N (CN) (both ion-releasing materials), Ketac-Molar (GIC) or Powerfill resin composite (RC). The restored teeth were then randomly divided into 2 groups according to the used caries model (biofilm or chemical caries model). The micro-computed tomography (MicroCt) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) outcome measures used to evaluate demineralization inhibition effects were lesion depth, LD and increase in OCT integrated reflectivity, ΔIR, at five different depths. It was observed that all outcome measures of CN were statistically the same as those of GIC and conversely with those of RC. This was also the case for SuO except for LD, which was statistically the same as RC. When comparing the two caries models, LD of the biofilm model was statistically deeper (p < 0.05) than the chemical model for all four materials. In conclusion, CN and SuO have similar demineralization inhibitory effects as GIC, and the biofilm caries model is more discriminatory in differentiating demineralization inhibitory effects of ion-releasing restorative material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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18 pages, 3859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proposition of New Testing Procedure for the Mechanical Properties of Bulk-Fill Materials

by Matea Macan, Ana Marošević, Bruno Špiljak, Luka Šimunović, Matej Par, Danijela Marovic, Danijela Juric-Kacunic and Zrinka Tarle

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4868; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16134868 - 7 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1522

Abstract

This study analysed flexural properties, microhardness, and the degree of conversion (DC) of five bulk-fill composites under clinically relevant conditions (4 mm thick specimens) in comparison to 2 mm specimens according to ISO 4049. Additionally, the effect of rapid polymerisation on 4 mm specimens was evaluated after accelerated aging. DC was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry at 2 and 4 mm thick layers, while flexural properties and Vickers microhardness were tested using 16 × 2 × 2 mm or 16 × 2 × 4 mm specimens. Three polymerisation protocols were used: (I) “ISO”: 2 mm thickness, 1000 mW/cm², double-sided; (II) “10 s”: 4 mm thickness, 1000 mW/cm², one-sided; and (III) “3 s”: 4 mm thickness, 2600 mW/cm², one-sided. Mechanical properties were tested after 1 day, after 10,000 thermocycles, and after 10,000 thermocycles followed by a 7-day immersion in absolute ethanol. The “ISO” protocol produced a higher DC and microhardness of all materials. Elastic modulus was significantly higher for the “ISO” protocol compared to the 4 mm specimens. The differences in flexural strength for all polymerisation protocols were equalised after thermocycling and immersion in absolute ethanol. All tested materials met the ISO 4049 flexural strength requirement (80 MPa) for all polymerisation methods and all aging conditions. Rapid polymerisation achieved nearly optimal properties (ISO), except for elastic modulus, which was significantly reduced in 4 mm samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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16 pages, 5612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerated versus Slow In Vitro Aging Methods and Their Impact on Universal Chromatic, Urethane-Based Composites

by Nicoleta Ilie

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062143 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1881

Abstract

Structural coloring of dental resin-based composites (RBC) is used to create universal chromatic materials designed to meet any aesthetic need, replacing the mixing and matching of multiple shades. The microstructural adjustments to create this desideratum involve nanoscale organic–inorganic core–shell structures with a particular arrangement. The generally higher polymer content associated with these structures compared to universal chromatic RBCs colored by pigments, which in their microstructure come close to regularly shaded RBCs, can influence the way the material ages. Accelerated and slow aging up to 1.2 years of immersion in artificial saliva at 37 °C were therefore compared in relation to their effects on the materials described above and in relation to the immersion conditions prescribed by standards. Quasi-static and viscoelastic parameters were assessed to quantify these effects by a depth-sensing indentation test equipped with a DMA module. The microstructure of the materials was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The results convincingly show a differentiated influence of the aging protocol on the measured properties, which was more sensitively reflected in the viscoelastic behavior. Accelerated aging, previously associated with the clinical behavior of RBCs, shows a 2- to 10-fold greater effect compared to slow aging in artificial saliva of up to 1.2 years, highly dependent on the microstructure of the material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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Review

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41 pages, 1227 KiB

Open AccessReview

Calcium Silicate-Based Cements in Restorative Dentistry: Vital Pulp Therapy Clinical, Radiographic, and Histological Outcomes on Deciduous and Permanent Dentition—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Maria Teresa Xavier, Ana Luísa Costa, João Carlos Ramos, João Caramês, Duarte Marques and Jorge N. R. Martins

Materials 2024, 17(17), 4264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17174264 - 28 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

Vital pulp therapy aims to preserve the vitality of dental pulp exposed due to caries, trauma, or restorative procedures. The aim of the present review was to evaluate the clinical, radiographic, and histological outcomes of different calcium silicate-based cements used in vital pulp therapy for both primary and permanent teeth. The review included 40 randomized controlled trials from a search across PubMed, LILACS, and the Cochrane Collaboration, as well as manual searches and author inquiries according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. A critical assessment of studies was conducted, and after data extraction the results were submitted to a quantitative statistical analysis using meta-analysis. The studies, involving 1701 patients and 3168 teeth, compared a total of 18 different calcium silicate-based cements in both dentitions. The qualitative synthesis showed no significant differences in short-term outcomes (up to 6 months) between different calcium silicate-based cements in primary teeth. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine showed similar clinical and radiographic success rates at 6 and 12 months. In permanent teeth, although the global results appeared to be well balanced, ProRoot MTA generally seemed to perform better than other calcium silicate-based cements except for Biodentine, which had comparable or superior results at 6 months. Meta-analyses for selected comparisons showed no significant differences in clinical and radiographic outcomes between ProRoot MTA and Biodentine over follow-up periods. The present review highlights the need for standardized definitions of success and follow-up periods in future studies to better guide clinical decisions. Despite the introduction of new calcium silicate-based cements aiming to address limitations of the original MTA. ProRoot MTA and Biodentine remain the most used and reliable materials for vital pulp therapy, although the results did not deviate that much from the other calcium silicate-based cements. Further long-term studies are required to establish the optimal CSC for each clinical scenario in both dentitions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Dental Restorative Materials (Volume II))

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