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Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms

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A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Pharmacology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 22300

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Dr. Giuseppina Tommonaro

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National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
Interests: marine natural products; fatty acids; quorum sensing; biological activities
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Dr. Annabella Tramice

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National Research Council-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
Interests: marine natural products; antioxidants; fatty acids; enzymes; biotechnology; glycosylation; biotransformation; enzyme activity; polysaccharide; microorganisms; glycobiology
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Dear Colleagues,

Fatty acids (FA) are considered very important biomolecules because they have been used as trophic biomarkers in the marine food chain analysis of several ecological niches. They are compounds universally present in all organisms and play very important biological roles, such as building blocks in biological membranes and signaling molecules. A great number of different fatty acids (saturated, mono- and di-unsaturated, branched, halogenated, hydroxylated, methoxylated), as well as the major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, occur in marine organisms. In addition, marine organisms are a rich source of metabolites with unusual structures that often exhibit interesting pharmacological properties.

Moreover, it is worth emphasizing that the nutritional value of fishes and marine invertebrates directly depends on their lipid composition and in particular on their fatty acids profile and represents the basis of the trade of the most international marine products.

For this Special Issue, we invite academic and industry scientists to submit reviews and original research articles focusing on the chemistry, biological roles, and bioactivities of fatty acids from marine organisms.

Dr. Giuseppina Tommonaro
Dr. Annabella Tramice
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

marine microorganisms
marine invertebrates
fishes
biological properties
nutritional value
lipids
fatty acids

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Related Special Issue

Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms, 2nd Edition in Marine Drugs (4 articles)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

30 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LASSO Regression with Multiple Imputations for the Selection of Key Variables Affecting the Fatty Acid Profile of Nannochloropsis oculata

by Vasilis Andriopoulos and Michael Kornaros

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(9), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21090483 - 2 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2172

Abstract

The marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata has garnered significant interest as a potential source of lipids, both for biofuel and nutrition, containing significant amounts of C16:0, C16:1, and C20:5, n-3 (EPA) fatty acids (FA). Growth parameters such as temperature, pH, light intensity, and nutrient availability play a crucial role in the fatty acid profile of microalgae, with N. oculata being no exception. This study aims to identify key variables for the FA profile of N. oculata grown autotrophically. To that end, the most relevant literature data were gathered and combined with our previous work as well as with novel experimental data, with 121 observations in total. The examined variables were the percentages of C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, and C20:5, n-3 in total FAs, their respective ratios to C16:0, and the respective content of biomass in those fatty acids in terms of ash free dry weight. Many potential predictor variables were collected, while dummy variables were introduced to account for bias in the measured variables originating from different authors as well as for other parameters. The method of multiple imputations was chosen to handle missing data, with limits based on the literature and model-based estimation, such as using the software PHREEQC and residual modelling for the estimation of pH. To eliminate unimportant predictor variables, LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) regression analysis with a novel definition of optimal lambda was employed. LASSO regression identified the most relevant predictors while minimizing the risk of overfitting the model. Subsequently, stepwise linear regression with interaction terms was used to further study the effects of the selected predictors. After two rounds of regression, sparse refined models were acquired, and their coefficients were evaluated based on significance. Our analysis confirms well-known effects, such as that of temperature, and it uncovers novel unreported effects of aeration, calcium, magnesium, and manganese. Of special interest is the negative effect of aeration on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which is possibly related to the enzymatic kinetics of fatty acid desaturation under increased oxygen concentration. These findings contribute to the optimization of the fatty acid profile of N. oculata for different purposes, such as production of, high in PUFAs, food or feed, or production of, high in saturated and monounsaturated FA methyl esters (FAME), biofuels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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21 pages, 2439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Behavior, Biomass Composition and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs) Production Potential of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and Chlorella vulgaris Cultures

by Itzel Y. López-Pacheco, Victoria Guadalupe Ayala-Moreno, Catherinne Arlette Mejia-Melara, José Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Sara P. Cuellar-Bermudez, Reyna Berenice González-González, Karina G. Coronado-Apodaca, Leonardo I. Farfan-Cabrera, Georgia María González-Meza, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal and Roberto Parra-Saldívar

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(8), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21080450 - 15 Aug 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2532

Abstract

The production of biomolecules by microalgae has a wide range of applications in the development of various materials and products, such as biodiesel, food supplements, and cosmetics. Microalgae biomass can be produced using waste and in a smaller space than other types of crops (e.g., soja, corn), which shows microalgae’s great potential as a source of biomass. Among the produced biomolecules of greatest interest are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and fatty acids. In this study, the production of these biomolecules was determined in two strains of microalgae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris) when exposed to different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Results show a significant microalgal growth (3.69 g L⁻¹) and carbohydrates (163 mg g⁻¹) increase in C. reinhardtii under low nitrogen concentration. Also, higher lipids content was produced under low sulfur concentration (246 mg g⁻¹). It was observed that sulfur variation could affect in a negative way proteins production in C. reinhardtii culture. In the case of C. vulgaris, a higher biomass production was obtained in the standard culture medium (1.37 g L⁻¹), and under a low-phosphorus condition, C. vulgaris produced a higher lipids concentration (248 mg g⁻¹). It was observed that a low concentration of nitrogen had a better effect on the accumulation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) (C16-C18) in both microalgae. These results lead us to visualize the effects that the variation in macronutrients can have on the growth of microalgae and their possible utility for the production of microalgae-based subproducts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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20 pages, 5775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Some Dermato-Cosmetic Preparations with Marine Lipids from Black Sea Wild Stingray

by Magdalena Mititelu, Monica Licu, Carmen Elena Lupu, Sorinel Marius Neacșu, Gabriel Olteanu, Gabriela Stanciu, Doina Drăgănescu, Carmen-Nicoleta Oancea, Ștefan Sebastian Busnatu, Lucian Hîncu, Maria Viorica Ciocîlteu and Dumitru Lupuleasa

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(7), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21070408 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1770

Abstract

The traditional knowledge about the therapeutic and nutritional value of fish has been unanimously recognized among the population since ancient times. So, thanks to the therapeutic virtues of these marine animals, it was possible to develop therapies for certain pathologies as well as the use of bioactive compounds as adjunctive therapies incorporated into the treatment regimen of patients. In the present study, stingray liver oil from wild species collected from the Romanian coast of the Black Sea was isolated and analyzed. Fatty acid analysis was performed by gas chromatography. The analysis of the distribution of fatty acids in the composition of stingray liver oil indicates a ratio of 2.83 of omega 3 fatty acids to omega 6, a ratio of 1.33 of polyunsaturated fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acids, an iodine index of 111.85, and a total percentage of 68.98% of unsaturated fatty acids. Stingray liver oil was used to evaluate the healing action after preparing a fatty ointment. According to the experimental data, a complete regeneration capacity of the wounds was noted in 12 days without visible signs. Four emulgels with stingray liver oil were formulated and analyzed from a rheological and structural point of view in order to select the optimal composition, after which the anti-inflammatory effect on inflammation caused in laboratory rats was studied and an anti-inflammatory effect was found significant (a maximum inhibitory effect of 66.47% on the edemas induced by the 10% kaolin suspension and 65.64% on the edemas induced by the 6% dextran solution). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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12 pages, 3076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Nitrogen, Salinity, and Light Intensity on the Biomass Composition of Nephroselmis sp.: Optimization of Lipids Accumulation (Including EPA)

by Savvas Giannis Mastropetros, Konstantina Tsigkou, Yannis Cladas, Arun Kumar Priya and Michael Kornaros

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(6), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21060331 - 28 May 2023

Viewed by 1590

Abstract

Microalgal biomass is characterized by high protein, carbohydrates, and lipids concentrations. However, their qualitative and quantitative compositions depend not only on the cultivated species but also on the cultivation conditions. Focusing on the microalgae’s ability to accumulate significant fatty acids (FAs) amounts, they can be valorized either as dietary supplements or for biofuel production, depending on the accumulated biomolecules. In this study, a local isolate (Nephroselmis sp.) was precultured under autotrophic conditions, while the Box–Behnken experimental design followed using the parameters of nitrogen (0–250 mg/L), salinity (30–70 ppt) and illuminance (40–260 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) to evaluate the accumulated biomolecules, with an emphasis on the amount of FAs and its profile. Regardless of the cultivation conditions, the FAs of C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 were found in all samples (up to 8% w/w in total), while the unsaturated C16:1 and C18:1 were also characterized by their high accumulations. Additionally, the polyunsaturated FAs, including the valuable C20:5n3 (EPA), had accumulated when the nitrogen concentration was sufficient, and the salinity levels remained low (30 ppt). Specifically, EPA approached 30% of the total FAs. Therefore, Nephroselmis sp. could be considered as an alternative EPA source compared to the already-known species used in food supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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15 pages, 767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Lipid Extracts from the Marine Fungi Emericellopsis cladophorae and Zalerion maritima as a Source of Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Compounds

by Mariana Abraúl, Artur Alves, Sandra Hilário, Tânia Melo, Tiago Conde, Maria Rosário Domingues and Felisa Rey

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(4), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21040199 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2246

Abstract

Marine environments occupy more than 70% of the earth’s surface, integrating very diverse habitats with specific characteristics. This heterogeneity of environments is reflected in the biochemical composition of the organisms that inhabit them. Marine organisms are a source of bioactive compounds, being increasingly studied due to their health-beneficial properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, or anticancer. In the last decades, marine fungi have stood out for their potential to produce compounds with therapeutic properties. The objective of this study was to determine the fatty acid profile of isolates from the fungi Emericellopsis cladophorae and Zalerion maritima and assess the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial potential of their lipid extracts. The analysis of the fatty acid profile, using GC-MS, showed that E. cladophorae and Z. maritima possess high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids, 50% and 34%, respectively, including the omega-3 fatty acid 18:3 n-3. Emericellopsis cladophorae and Z. maritima lipid extracts showed anti-inflammatory activity expressed by the capacity of their COX-2 inhibition which was 92% and 88% of inhibition at 200 µg lipid mL⁻¹, respectively. Emericellopsis cladophorae lipid extracts showed a high percentage of inhibition of COX -2 activity even at low concentrations of lipids (54% of inhibition using 20 µg lipid mL⁻¹), while a dose-dependent behaviour was observed in Z. maritima. The antioxidant activity assays of total lipid extracts demonstrated that the lipid extract from E. cladophorae did not show antioxidant activity, while Z. maritima gave an IC₂₀ value of 116.6 ± 6.2 µg mL⁻¹ equivalent to 92.1 ± 4.8 µmol Trolox g⁻¹ of lipid extract in the DPPH• assay, and 101.3 ± 14.4 µg mL⁻¹ equivalent to 106.6 ± 14.8 µmol Trolox g⁻¹ of lipid extract in the ABTS•⁺ assay. The lipid extract of both fungal species did not show antibacterial properties at the concentrations tested. This study is the first step in the biochemical characterization of these marine organisms and demonstrates the bioactive potential of lipid extracts from marine fungi for biotechnological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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17 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acids in Waste Tissues: The Nutraceutical Value of Gonads and Livers from the Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio Fishes

by Giuseppina Tommonaro, Debora Paris, Giulia Guerriero, Fatima-Zahra Majdoubi, Gaetano Grieco, Carmine Iodice, Lucio Caso, Anouar Ouizgane, Aziz El Moujtahid, Sara El Ghizi, Meriem Bousseba, Mustapha Hasnaoui, Annalaura Iodice and Annabella Tramice

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(3), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21030188 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

Fishes are an important component of human nutrition, mainly acting as source of essential fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The increase in their consumption has led to a growth of fishes waste; therefore, the disposal and recycling of waste has become a key issue to address, in accordance with circular economy principles. The Moroccan Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio fishes, living in freshwater and marine environments, were collected at mature and immature stages. The fatty acid (FA) profiles of liver and ovary tissues were investigated by GC–MS and compared with edible fillet tissues. The gonadosomatic index, the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio, and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes were measured. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were found to be abundant in the mature ovary and fillet of both species, with a polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio ranging from 0.40 to 1.06 and a monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio between 0.64 and 1.84. Saturated fatty acids were found to be highly abundant in the liver and gonads of both species (range 30–54%), as well as monounsaturated fatty acids (range 35–58%). The results suggested that the exploitation of fish wastes, such as the liver and ovary, may represent a sustainable strategy for the achievement of high value-added molecules with nutraceutical potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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12 pages, 1580 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Recovery of Fatty Acid and Volatile Flavor Compound Composition in Farmed Tiger Puffer (Takifugu rubripes) with a Fish Oil-Finishing Strategy

by Lin Li, Feiran Zhang, Xiaoxue Meng, Xishuai Cui, Qiang Ma, Yuliang Wei, Mengqing Liang and Houguo Xu

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(2), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21020122 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1546

Abstract

Booming fish farming results in a relative shortage of fish oil (FO) supply, meaning that alternative oils are increasingly used in fish feeds, which leads to reduction of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) and other relevant changes in fish products. This study investigated the efficacy of an FO-finishing strategy in recovering the muscle quality of farmed tiger puffer. An eight-week feeding trial (growing-out period) was conducted with five experimental diets, in which graded levels (0 (control), 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of added FO were replaced by poultry oil (PO). Following the growing-out period was a four-week FO-finishing period, during which fish in all groups were fed the control diet. Dietary PO significantly decreased the muscle LC-PUFA content, whereas in general, the FO-finishing strategy recovered it to a level comparable with that of the group fed FO continuously. The recovery efficiency of EPA was higher than that of DHA. Dietary PO also led to changes of volatile flavor compounds in the muscle, such as butanol, pentenal, and hexenal, whereas the FO-finishing strategy mitigated the changes. In conclusion, the FO-finishing strategy is promising in recovering the LC-PUFA and volatile-flavor-compound composition in farmed tiger puffer after the feeding of PO-based diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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24 pages, 1347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potentially Beneficial Effects on Healthy Aging by Supplementation of the EPA-Rich Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum or Its Supernatant—A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial in Elderly Individuals

by Lena Stiefvatter, Konstantin Frick, Katja Lehnert, Walter Vetter, Alexander Montoya-Arroyo, Jan Frank, Ulrike Schmid-Staiger and Stephan C. Bischoff

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(11), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20110716 - 15 Nov 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2646

Abstract

Dietary supplements that promote healthy aging are mostly warranted in an aging society. Because of age-related risks, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agents such as microalgae are potential candidates for intervention. In a randomized controlled trial, we tested Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT), a microalgae rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), carotenoids, vitamins, and β-glucans, cultured in bioreactors. In this pilot trial, 19 healthy elderly received supplements for two weeks based on either the whole PT (A), the β-1,3-glucan-rich PT supernatant (SupB), the combination thereof (A+SupB), or a Comparator product (Comp). The primary outcome variable plasma interleukin-6 was reduced after treatment with A+SupB compared to the Comp group (p = 0.04). The mobility parameters 5 s sit-to-stand test (p = 0.04 in the A group) and by trend gait speed (p = 0.08 in the A+SupB diet) were improved compared to Comp. No treatment effects were observed for fatty acids, compared to Comp but omega-6 to -3 fatty acid ratio (p = 0.006) and arachidonic acid/EPA ratio (p = 0.006) were reduced within group A+SupB. Further, the SupB study product reduced faecal zonulin (p = 0.03) compared to the Comp. The data revealed an anti-inflammatory and potentially anti-oxidative effect of particular PT preparations, suggesting that they might be suitable for effects in healthy elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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15 pages, 868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Previous Frozen Storage, Canning Process and Packing Medium on the Fatty Acid Composition of Canned Mackerel

by Ricardo Prego, Marcos Trigo, Beatriz Martínez and Santiago P. Aubourg

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(11), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20110666 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

This study addressed the fatty acid (FA) composition of canned Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). In it, the effect of prior frozen storage (6 months at −18 °C), different packing media (water, brine, and sunflower, refined and extra virgin olive oils), and canning procedure was investigated. As a result, the canning procedure led to a decrease (p < 0.05) in saturated FA (STFA) levels, an increase (p < 0.05) in polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) and total ω3 FA values, and higher PUFA/STFA and ω3/ω6 ratio values. Concerning the packing medium effect, the great presence of C18:2ω6 in sunflower oil led to high PUFA and PUFA/STFA values and low ω3/ω6 ratios when compared to other packing media. However, the high presence of C18:1ω9 in both olive oils tested did not lead to remarkable increases (p > 0.05) of this FA presence. Additionally, the presence of total ω3 FAs, C20:5ω3 and C22:6ω3 did not provide differences in canned fish muscle as a result of using different packing media. In all canned samples, ω3/ω6 values were included in the 8.2–10.8 range. Prior frozen storage did not have a substantial effect (p > 0.05) on the FA group (STFA, monounsaturated FA, PUFA, total ω3 FA) and FA ratio (PUFA/STFA and ω3/ω6) values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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Review

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23 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessReview

Extraction of Nannochloropsis Fatty Acids Using Different Green Technologies: The Current Path

by Sérgio Cruz Sousa, Ana Cristina Freitas, Ana Maria Gomes and Ana P. Carvalho

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(6), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21060365 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2104

Abstract

Nannochloropsis is a genus of microalgae widely recognized as potential sources of distinct lipids, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These may be obtained through extraction, which has conventionally been performed using hazardous organic solvents. To substitute such solvents with “greener” alternatives, several technologies have been studied to increase their extraction potential. Distinct technologies utilize different principles to achieve such objective; while some aim at disrupting the cell walls of the microalgae, others target the extraction per se. While some methods have been utilized independently, several technologies have also been combined, which has proven to be an effective strategy. The current review focuses on the technologies explored in the last five years to extract or increase extraction yields of fatty acids from Nannochloropsis microalgae. Depending on the extraction efficacy of the different technologies, distinct types of lipids and/or fatty acids are obtained accordingly. Moreover, the extraction efficiency may vary depending on the Nannochloropsis species. Hence, a case-by-case assessment must be conducted in order to ascertain the most suited technology, or tailor a specific one, to be applied to recover a particular fatty acid (or fatty acid class), namely PUFA, including eicosapentaenoic acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids from Marine Organisms)

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