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Machines
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Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development and Technology
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Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development and Technology

A special issue of Machines (ISSN 2075-1702).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 19304

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tianfu Sun

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China
Interests: control and design of electric machines; power electronics; electric vehicle
Prof. Dr. Xin Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
Interests: power electronics; electrical power system
Prof. Dr. Weinong Fu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518063, China
Interests: novel electric machine; electric machine design; electric vehicle; robot drive system; electromagnetic analysis; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Kai Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
Interests: electric machine design; electric vehicle

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, both the technology and market for electric vehicles (EV) have experienced rapid developments, confirmed the era of EVs. Although the field of EVs has achieved admirable success, EV powertrain performance is still far from where it was expected to be at this stage. The topics of energy storage, high-efficiency energy conversion, advanced design, and control of electric machines for propulsion and system integration in EV powertrains are still challenging. The developments in wide-bandgap power semiconductors, fuel cells, automatic pilots and the requirement of carbon emission reduction are demanding further promotion in the electrical propulsion and vehicle-to-grid techniques. Therefore, there is still significant potential to improve the EV powertrain techniques. Thus, this Special Issue aims to provide an international forum for professionals, academics, and researchers to present the latest developments in the above topics and to stimulate new ideas for related research in EV powertrains.

This Special Issue will accept contributions describing innovative research and developments in “Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development, and Technology”. It will cover a wide range of disciplines, including techniques of key components in EV powertrains, EV powertrain system integration, vehicle-to-grid techniques, energy storage and conversion techniques, power electronics and power semiconductors, etc. All the methodologies and techniques related to the EV powertrain are welcome.

The proposed Special Issue particularly fits the following topics within the scope of MDPI’s Machines journal:

  • Advanced design and control of electric machines;
  • Energy storage and conversion techniques;
  • Design and development of electric vehicle powertrains;
  • Vehicle-to-grid and smart grid techniques;
  • Power electronics and power semiconductors;
  • Power systems, simulation, and optimization;
  • Fault diagnosis and tolerance of power systems;
  • Automatic pilots related technologies in EV powertrain developments.

Dr. Tianfu Sun
Prof. Dr. Xin Zhang
Prof. Dr. Weinong Fu
Prof. Dr. Kai Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Machines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electric machine
  • energy storage
  • energy conversion
  • smart grid
  • power electronics
  • power system
  • control

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5660 KiB  
Article
MTPA Control for IPMSM Drives Based on Pseudorandom Frequency-Switching Sinusoidal Signal Injection
by Ke Li, Tianfu Sun, Fucheng Jiang, Wei Feng and Huiyun Li
Machines 2022, 10(4), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10040231 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2745
Abstract
Among various maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control schemes for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives, the signal-injection-based methods exhibit relatively high overall performance due to their high control accuracy and satisfactory dynamic performance. However, the high current spectrum peaks induced by [...] Read more.
Among various maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control schemes for interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives, the signal-injection-based methods exhibit relatively high overall performance due to their high control accuracy and satisfactory dynamic performance. However, the high current spectrum peaks induced by the fixed-frequency signal injection may cause electromagnetic interference and even audible noise problems in applications, such as electric vehicles, vessels, and aircraft. To address this problem, an MTPA control method using pseudorandom frequency-switching sinusoidal signal injection is proposed in this paper. The sinusoidal signals with two different frequencies are randomly injected into the d- and q-axis currents and the MTPA points can be tracked according to the resultant system response. In this way, a high-performance MTPA control can be achieved regardless of motor parameter variations. Since the injection frequency of the proposed method varies randomly, the induced harmonic components in phase currents no longer concentrate at certain frequencies, and the current spectrum peaks caused by signal injection can be reduced accordingly. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the presented method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development and Technology)
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15 pages, 32089 KiB  
Article
Performance Comparison and Analysis of Different Rotor Structures of Vehicle Permanent Magnet Synchronous Flat Wire Motor
by Kai Zhao and Jian Luo
Machines 2022, 10(3), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10030212 - 17 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3275
Abstract
In this paper, we designed flat conductor winding permanent magnet synchronous motors with three different rotor structures under certain boundary conditions. The causes of the noise vibration harshness and abnormal noise of permanent magnet synchronous motors are analyzed by using an analytical method. [...] Read more.
In this paper, we designed flat conductor winding permanent magnet synchronous motors with three different rotor structures under certain boundary conditions. The causes of the noise vibration harshness and abnormal noise of permanent magnet synchronous motors are analyzed by using an analytical method. The causes of 24-order and 48-order abnormal noise are given. Based on the comparison of the performance of three rotor structures, the V+1 rotor structure has the least no-load harmonic content, the minimum cogging torque, the maximum output torque, the lowest temperature rise, and the best motor performance, and the V+1 rotor design consumes less permanent magnet material. The simulation is verified by manufacturing a prototype, and the experimental results verify the correctness of the simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development and Technology)
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18 pages, 13880 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Comparison of Two Fault Tolerant Axial Field Modular Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Machines with Different Stator and Rotor Pole-Pairs Combinations
by Yixiang Tu, Mingyao Lin, Keman Lin, Yong Kong and Da Xu
Machines 2022, 10(3), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10030201 - 10 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2194
Abstract
This paper gives a comprehensive comparison among two fault-tolerant axial field modular flux-switching (AFFSPM) machines with different stator modular segments (U- and E-core) and stator-slots/pole-pairs combinations. The topologies of two AFFSPM machines are introduced, each with two feasible stator slots and rotor pole-pairs [...] Read more.
This paper gives a comprehensive comparison among two fault-tolerant axial field modular flux-switching (AFFSPM) machines with different stator modular segments (U- and E-core) and stator-slots/pole-pairs combinations. The topologies of two AFFSPM machines are introduced, each with two feasible stator slots and rotor pole-pairs combinations with high winding factors based on the slot-conductor back-EMF star vectors theory. Then, the static performance including the air-gap flux density, flux linkage, back-electromagnetic force (back-EMF), and electromagnetic torque are analyzed and compared. Moreover, the fault-tolerant capability is then investigated by the torque performance under one- and two-phase open-circuit conditions in which the corresponding fault-tolerant control strategies are applied. The predicted results confirm that the 6-stator slot/11-rotor-pole-pair E-core AFFSPM machine exhibits the best performance of the four candidates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development and Technology)
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24 pages, 98962 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Eddy Current Loss and Structure Design with Magnetic-Thermal Coupling for Toothless BLDC High-Speed PM Motor
by Jingjuan Du, Chaojiang Li, Jian Zhao, Hongge Ren, Kun Zhang, Xin Song, Lianzhi Chen, Sheng Yu and Yanqing Mi
Machines 2022, 10(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10020118 - 7 Feb 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2689
Abstract
Brushless direct current (BLDC) permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors are in high demand for ventilator applications owing to their high speed, high efficiency, and other significant features. However, it has become an important problem in eddy current loss calculations with high-speed motors, which [...] Read more.
Brushless direct current (BLDC) permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors are in high demand for ventilator applications owing to their high speed, high efficiency, and other significant features. However, it has become an important problem in eddy current loss calculations with high-speed motors, which leads to low motor (ventilator) life and PM demagnetization. This paper focuses on the eddy current loss calculation and the structure improvement design for the two-pole 90 W, 47,000 r/min toothless BLDC motor. First, the influencing factors of eddy current loss are comprehensively investigated, and a multiparameter improvement methodology is proposed accordingly. Second, by finite element analysis (FEA), the effective winding length ratio and the number of parallel wires were mainly researched for the winding, and the influence on the eddy current loss and the efficiency was determined, providing a reference for BLDC high-speed motors. This study has resulted in a 34.75% reduction in the winding losses, and a 4.6% increase in the efficiency of the improved model compared with the original design. Third, the new rotor structure is proposed, saving PM volume 15% more than original. THD of gap flux density is decreased 20.97%; the eddy current loss in the new rotor is decreased 22% more than original. Furthermore, by coupling simulation of the magnetic–thermal field, the maximum temperature of winding of the improved model is 13.4% lower than that of the original model at the thermal steady state. Finally, the electromagnetic and thermal properties simulation results were verified by testing the prototype. It is of great significance to the structure design and efficiency improvement of the BLDC high-speed motor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development and Technology)
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15 pages, 3854 KiB  
Article
Parameter Matching Methods for Li Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems in Electric Buses
by Yu Zhang, Jiahong Liu, Shumei Cui and Meilan Zhou
Machines 2022, 10(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10020085 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2526
Abstract
The parameter matching of composite energy storage systems will affect the realization of control strategy. In this study, the effective energy and power utilizations of an energy storage source were defined. With the miniaturization of a composite energy storage system as the optimization [...] Read more.
The parameter matching of composite energy storage systems will affect the realization of control strategy. In this study, the effective energy and power utilizations of an energy storage source were defined. With the miniaturization of a composite energy storage system as the optimization goal, the linear programming simplex method was employed to obtain the optimized masses of Li batteries and supercapacitors under the constraints of maximum speed, climbing gradient, acceleration time and cost-effectiveness. As the module numbers shall be integers, the matching results were modified in combination with the graphical method. Owing to the influences of parameter matching schemes on the overall performance and battery life, the critical points of constraints were analyzed and the most appropriate matching numerical points of the composite energy storage system were identified. Simulation and experimental analysis were conducted under practical urban road conditions in China. The results show that the proposed matching method delivers accurate results. Compared with conventional electric buses, the mileage and overall performance of the prototype bus are improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development and Technology)
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13 pages, 8139 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a Novel Double-Stator Double-Rotor Motor Drive System for In-Wheel Direct Drive of Electric Vehicles
by Chunzhen Li, Xinhua Guo, Jinyuan Fu, Weinong Fu, Yulong Liu, Hao Chen, Rongkun Wang and Zhongshen Li
Machines 2022, 10(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10010027 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2992
Abstract
In-wheel direct drive (IWDD) of electric vehicles (EVs), which simplifies the transmission system and facilitates flexible control of vehicle dynamics, has evolved considerably in the EV sector. This paper proposes a novel double-stator double-rotor motor (DSDRM) with a bidirectional flux modulation effect for [...] Read more.
In-wheel direct drive (IWDD) of electric vehicles (EVs), which simplifies the transmission system and facilitates flexible control of vehicle dynamics, has evolved considerably in the EV sector. This paper proposes a novel double-stator double-rotor motor (DSDRM) with a bidirectional flux modulation effect for in-wheel direct drive of EVs. With the proposed special design, a synthetic-slot structure with synthetic materials containing copper and permanent magnets (PMs) in the slots of the motor is ingeniously employed, and the outer and inner rotors are mechanically connected together as a single rotor, making its mechanical structure less complicated than those of two-rotor machines. The main work of this paper involves the design, analysis, construction, and testing of the proposed machine. The DSDRM with a synthetic-slot structure was demonstrated to be feasible by finite element analysis (FEA), prototype fabrication, and experimental results. In addition, vehicle layout with DSDRM is presented and verified by the vehicle road test experiment. Thus, the DSDRM with the synthetic-slot structure can be used as a hub motor for in-wheel direct drive of EVs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Powertrains: Design, Development and Technology)
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