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A special issue of Machines (ISSN 2075-1702). This special issue belongs to the section "Electromechanical Energy Conversion Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2024 | Viewed by 10691

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Prof. Dr. Chenglong Tang

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Guest Editor

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
Interests: spray and droplet combustion; gas phase combustion chemistry; fundamental reseach on reactive flow; combustion characteristics of energetic material

Prof. Dr. Long Liu

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Guest Editor

College of Power and Energy Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
Interests: energy conversion; internal combustion engines; marine engines; low/zero-carbon fuels; spray and combustion; combustion control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Keiya Nishida

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Guest Editor

Mechanical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Hiroshima, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8511, Japan
Interests: fuel spray; combustion; internal combustion engines; alternative fuels

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is our pleasure to announce the lauch of a new Special Issue of Machines on “Advances in Combustion Science for Future IC Engines”, to which we cordially invite you to contribute.

The internal combustion (IC) engine is a mechanical power source machine that burns a fuel–air mixture in the combustion chamber. It has been the primary power unit for most automobiles, ships, airplanes, construction macninery, and others in existence since its invention, having immediately grown vastly in popularity. In the last few years, however, there have been growing concerns over carbon emissions from IC engines, which have led to a heated discussion around what the most suitable power unit for future solutions is: a pure IC engine, a pure battery-electric, or a hybrid powertrain? For now, it is believed that IC engines and hybrid/electric powertrains are fully compatible with future power unit solutions, and an improved IC engine efficiency is necessary. In the pursuit of high efficiency and low carbon emission in IC engines, advanced combustion technology has played a very significant role.

The main goal of this Special Issue is to provide the fundamentals and applications of advanced combustion for future high efficiency and low carbon engines. This Special Issue invites original and unpublished research work with emphasis on the innovations of engine combustion techniques, including combustion concepts, strategies, and control methods, flexible fuel injection, advanced intake systems, spray and mixture formation, flow and combustion dianostics and numerical simulations, etc.

Topics of primary interest include but are not limited to:

New combustion concepts, strategies, and control;
New and alternative fuels;
Advanced spray and mixture formation in engines.

Prof. Dr. Chenglong Tang
Prof. Dr. Long Liu
Prof. Dr. Keiya Nishida
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Machines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 4154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knock Mitigation and Power Enhancement of Hydrogen Spark-Ignition Engine through Ammonia Blending

by Haiwen Ge, Ahmad Hadi Bakir and Peng Zhao

Machines 2023, 11(6), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11060651 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Hydrogen and ammonia are primary carbon-free fuels that have massive production potential. In regard to their flame properties, these two fuels largely represent the two extremes among all fuels. The extremely fast flame speed of hydrogen can lead to an easy deflagration-to-detonation transition and cause detonation-type engine knock that limits the global equivalence ratio, and consequently the engine power. The very low flame speed and reactivity of ammonia can lead to a low heat release rate and cause difficulty in ignition and ammonia slip. Adding ammonia into hydrogen can effectively modulate flame speed and hence the heat release rate, which in turn mitigates engine knock and retains the zero-carbon nature of the system. However, a key issue that remains unclear is the blending ratio of NH₃ that provides the desired heat release rate, emission level, and engine power. In the present work, a 3D computational combustion study is conducted to search for the optimal hydrogen/ammonia mixture that is knock-free and meanwhile allows sufficient power in a typical spark-ignition engine configuration. Parametric studies with varying global equivalence ratios and hydrogen/ammonia blends are conducted. The results show that with added ammonia, engine knock can be avoided, even under stoichiometric operating conditions. Due to the increased global equivalence ratio and added ammonia, the energy content of trapped charge as well as work output per cycle is increased. About 90% of the work output of a pure gasoline engine under the same conditions can be reached by hydrogen/ammonia blends. The work shows great potential of blended fuel or hydrogen/ammonia dual fuel in high-speed SI engines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Combustion Science for Future IC Engines)

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21 pages, 4474 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Numerical Investigation on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine with Flexible Fuel Injection

by Qihao Mei, Intarat Naruemon, Long Liu, Yue Wu and Xiuzhen Ma

Machines 2023, 11(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines11010120 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

As the main engineering power plant, diesel engines are irreplaceable in the future. However, the stringent emission regulations impose many tough requirements to their developments. Recently, flexible fuel injection strategy has been recognized as an effective technology in creating an advanced spray and mixture formation and improving combustion efficiency indirectly. However, the detailed combustion and emission behaviors under flexible fuel injection are still unknown. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the combustion and emission characteristics under flexible fuel injection and explore an optimal injection strategy for high-efficiency combustion. A numerical simulation method is conducted by coupling the large-eddy simulation (LES) model and the SAGE combustion model. Then, the spray mixing, combustion flame propagation and emissions formation under various multiple-injection strategies are investigated. Results reveal that initial an ultrahigh injection pressure has a significant influence on the spray’s axial penetration while dwell time mainly affects the spray’s radial expansion. Under an initial ultrahigh injection pressure, the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) becomes larger, and the vortex motions are stronger, contributing to a better spray turbulent mixing. Meanwhile, a snatchier flame structure with a favorable level of equivalence ratio and a homogeneous temperature distribution is obtained. In this way, the peak heat release rate (HRR) could increase by 46.7% with a 16.7% reduction in soot formation and a 31.4% reduction in NO_x formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Combustion Science for Future IC Engines)

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15 pages, 3889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on Combustion and Performance of Diesel Engine under High Exhaust Back Pressure

by Li Huang, Junjie Liu, Rui Liu, Yang Wang and Long Liu

Machines 2022, 10(10), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100919 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1766

Abstract

The use of exhaust gas recirculation, complex after-treatment systems, advanced technology of high-strength engines, and underwater exhaust will lead to increased diesel exhaust back pressure (EBP). This will increase the residual exhaust gas and the exchange temperature in the cylinder and reduce the fresh air charged in the next cycle. In this work, the effects of two high EBP conditions (10 kPa and 25 kPa) on the performance of medium-speed ship engines under different loads are explored through experiments. The results show that the increase in EBP from 10 kPa to 25 kPa has little effect on the heat release rate, engine power, and engine start-up time. However, it will lead to ignition advance and the maximum pressure rise rate, peak pressure, and exhaust temperature increase. The increase in EBP has a more significant impact on the small valve overlap angle. Because the reduction in the valve overlap angle has led to an increase in the residual exhaust gas, further increases in EBP causes residual exhaust gas effects to be more pronounced. The effect of increasing EBP on fuel consumption depends primarily on which effect of exhaust back pressure on temperature and fresh air intake dominates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Combustion Science for Future IC Engines)

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18 pages, 5607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Research on the Matching Characteristics of the Compound VGT-STC System with a V-Type Diesel Engine

by Mingwei Shi, Hechun Wang, Chuanlei Yang, Yinyan Wang and Xiaoxiao Niu

Machines 2022, 10(9), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10090788 - 08 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1350

Abstract

In order to improve the performance of a V-type diesel engine at low and medium speeds, the compound VGT-STC turbocharger system was proposed. First, the compound VGT-STC turbocharger system bench was established, which allowed to switch between the VGT and STC boosting systems. Then, the load characteristic tests with a variable VGT vane opening were conducted at different speeds in the 1TC and the 2TC, respectively. The results showed that the VGT-1TC could provide much more air into the cylinder than the VGT-2TC at 1000 r/min, and the maximum torque was increased by 4000 Nm (80%), and the BSFC decreased by 20.1 g/kWh on average. The matching characteristics are analyzed for three boosting control strategy systems, including the VGT, STC, and the compound VGT-STC. The results show that the VGT system has a steady increase of the maximum torque in both low and medium speeds, while the STC system has a large increase in torque at 1000 r/min and begins to decline when speed is greater than 1200 r/min, and the compound VGT-STC system combines the advantages of the VGT and STC, which can maintain 9000 Nm (83% rated torque at 1800 rpm) and a lower BSFC at both low and medium speeds. As a result, with the compound VGT-STC boosting control strategy system, the operating range has expanded by 10%, and its smoke opacity, BSFC, and exhaust temperature are reduced by 0.057, 8.2 g/kWh, and 64 °C, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Combustion Science for Future IC Engines)

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18 pages, 5705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on Auto-Ignition Characteristics of Kerosene Spray Flames

by Zhaoming Mai, Yang Liu, Chenglong Tang and Zuohua Huang

Machines 2022, 10(8), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10080601 - 22 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1500

Abstract

To facilitate the better use of RP-3 kerosene in compression ignition engines, the auto-ignition behaviors of RP-3 kerosene spray were experimentally investigated in an optical rapid compression machine. Results show that most of the tests have good ignitability and combustion performance. For all the successful ignited cases, the flame kernel was found to be formed before the steep rise of pressure, which explained that image-based ignition delay time is always shorter than the pressure-based ignition delay time. The effects of ambient environment, injection pressure, and injection delay time on the pressure history, ignition intensity, combustion duration, heat release rate, and other parameters were investigated individually. The ambient environment has a strong influence on ignition delay time by accelerating the chemical reactions, whereas the high injection pressure helps the better vaporization of fuel spray. The effect of injection delay time is non-monotonic as the trade-off relation between heat loss and blending of fuel and oxygen. The heat release rate histories under different conditions were compared and analyzed, and the two-stage heat release phenomenon was observed in the negative temperature coefficient region. The ignition intensity region was determined based on the measured ignition delay times of RP-3 kerosene spray, and multiple linear regression correlation was used to study the ignition delay time sensitivity to multi-factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Combustion Science for Future IC Engines)

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21 pages, 11091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Optimization Based on a Virtual Marine Diesel Engine Using GA-ICSO Hybrid Algorithm

by Ximing Chen, Long Liu, Jingtao Du, Dai Liu, Li Huang and Xiannan Li

Machines 2022, 10(4), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10040227 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Considering the trade-off relationship between brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), combustion noise (CN) and NOx emission, it is a difficult task to optimize them simultaneously in a marine diesel engine. In order to overcome this problem, a novel genetic algorithm and improved chicken swarm optimization (GA-ICSO) hybrid algorithm was proposed, where the enhanced Levy flight and adaptive self-learning factor were introduced in this algorithm. Computational comparisons between GA-ICSO and other effective optimization algorithms were performed using four standard test functions, validating the improvements in both accuracy and stability for GA-ICSO. Furthermore, a predictive engine model based on a phenomenological approach was developed and validated. This model coupled the proposed algorithm for the optimization of a marine diesel engine. In the optimization process, five control parameters were selected as design variables, including injection timing (IT), intake cam phasing (ICP), intake valve closing (IVC), intake temperature and pressure. Results show that, a lower objective value can be obtained by GA-ICSO than other widely used optimization algorithms for all the operating conditions. Besides, by comparing the results between the optimal generations and baselines, it could be found that, under the condition of 50%, 75% and 100%load, CN is reduced by 10.7%, 4.9% and 3.9%, NOx is decreased by 15%, 31% and 33%, and BSFC is suppressed by 10.8%, 13.3% and 9.5%, respectively. Finally, heat release rates, noise spectrums, cylinder pressures and temperatures were all employed to discuss the optimization results of a marine diesel engine under different working conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Combustion Science for Future IC Engines)

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