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Lubricants
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2D Materials in Tribology
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2D Materials in Tribology

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 July 2024) | Viewed by 9856

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Paolo Restuccia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
Interests: first principles simulations; density functional theory; atomistic simulations; tribology; lubricant additives; molecular adsorption; 2D materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, 2D materials have become ubiquitous in many technological applications, ranging from optoelectronics to sensors, thanks to their exceptional electrical, thermal and chemical properties. In particular, their mechanical strength, chemical stability and layered structure make them excellent for lubricating in applications where common friction modifiers cannot function properly. Many of these materials, from graphene to boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, phosphorene and Mxenes, have been successfully employed as lubricant additives in tribological applications. Moreover, the crystal structure of this class of materials and their interaction with different substrates can help us understand the inner mechanisms regarding the origin of friction.

This Special Issue on “2D Materials in Tribology” can be the perfect opportunity for researchers working in experimental and theoretical fields to update the community on cutting-edge applications concerning 2D materials as friction modifiers.

The potential topics include, but are not limited to:

  • Experimental applications of 2D materials as lubricant additives;
  • Computational and theoretical works that can shed light on the atomistic mechanisms of lubrication in 2D materials;
  • Innovative study related to superlubricity, an intrinsic property of 2D lubricant materials;
  • 2D materials used in cutting-edge tribological fields, such as in the triboelectric effect.

Dr. Paolo Restuccia
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • tribology
  • friction
  • wear
  • 2D materials
  • adsorption
  • adhesion
  • superlubricity
  • nanotribology

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 8480 KiB  
Article
Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Study of Friction and Wear Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
by Ce Liang, Changgeng Shuai and Xin Wang
Lubricants 2024, 12(7), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12070261 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1048
Abstract
Nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and its various composite materials are widely employed as friction materials in mechanical equipment. The use of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcement in NBR for improved friction and wear characteristics has become a major research focus. However, the mechanisms underlying [...] Read more.
Nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and its various composite materials are widely employed as friction materials in mechanical equipment. The use of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcement in NBR for improved friction and wear characteristics has become a major research focus. However, the mechanisms underlying the improvement in the friction and wear characteristics of NBR with different CNT contents remain insufficiently elucidated. Therefore, we conducted a combined analysis of NBR reinforced with varying CNT contents through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and ring–block friction experiments. The aim is to analyze the extent to which CNTs enhance the water-lubricated friction and dry wear properties of NBR and explore the improvement mechanisms through molecular chain characteristics. The results of this study demonstrate that as the mass fraction of CNTs (0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%) increases, the water-lubricated friction coefficient of NBR continuously decreases. Under water-lubricated conditions, CNTs improve the water storage capacity of the NBR surface and enhance lubrication efficiency. In the dry wear state, CNTs help reduce scratch depth and dry wear volume. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials in Tribology)
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15 pages, 18401 KiB  
Article
Laser-Induced Graphene/h-BN Laminated Structure to Enhance the Self-Lubricating Property of Si3N4 Composite Ceramic
by Wei Li, Jinzhi Dong, Dalong Xu, Yifan Dong, Sikandar Iqbal, Jingwei Li, Ting Luo and Bingqiang Cao
Lubricants 2024, 12(6), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060219 - 15 Jun 2024
Viewed by 950
Abstract
Incorporating graphene as ceramic additives can significantly enhance both the toughness and self-lubricating characteristics of ceramic matrices. However, due to the difficult dispersion and easy agglomeration of graphene, the preparation process of composite ceramics still faces many problems. In this study, a laminated [...] Read more.
Incorporating graphene as ceramic additives can significantly enhance both the toughness and self-lubricating characteristics of ceramic matrices. However, due to the difficult dispersion and easy agglomeration of graphene, the preparation process of composite ceramics still faces many problems. In this study, a laminated laser-induced reduced graphene oxide/hexagonal boron nitride (L-rGO/h-BN) was introduced as an additive into a silicon nitride matrix, then a silicon nitride/reduced graphene oxide/hexagonal boron nitride (Si3N4/L-rGO/h-BN) ceramic composite was successfully synthesized using Spark Plasma Sintering technology. This approach led to enhancements in both the mechanical and self-lubricating properties of silicon nitride ceramics. This is due to the good monodispersity of the incorporating graphene in the silicon nitride matrix. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the ceramic composite experienced notable increases of 30.4% and 34.4%, respectively. Tribological experiments demonstrate a significant enhancement in the self-lubricating performance of ceramic composites upon the incorporation of L-rGO/h-BN. The coefficient of friction and wear spot diameter experienced reductions of 26.6% and 21%, respectively. These improvements extend the potential industrial applications of Si3N4/L-rGO/h-BN ceramic composites. Throughout the friction process, the evenly exposed rGO and h-BN demonstrate an effective self-lubricating effect on the wear surface. This research paves the way for a novel approach to fabricating high-performance self-lubricating structural ceramics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials in Tribology)
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18 pages, 5961 KiB  
Article
Tribological and Chemical–Physical Behavior of a Novel Palm Grease Blended with Zinc Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Nano-Additives
by Mohamed G. A. Nassef, Belal G. Nassef, Hassan S. Hassan, Galal A. Nassef, Marwa Elkady and Florian Pape
Lubricants 2024, 12(6), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12060191 - 28 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1011
Abstract
The role of industrial lubricants in machinery is to reduce friction and wear between moving components. Due to the United Nations’ tendency to reduce dependency on fossil fuel, a general awareness is strongly driven towards developing more eco-friendly lubricants. Palm oil possesses promising [...] Read more.
The role of industrial lubricants in machinery is to reduce friction and wear between moving components. Due to the United Nations’ tendency to reduce dependency on fossil fuel, a general awareness is strongly driven towards developing more eco-friendly lubricants. Palm oil possesses promising properties, which promote it to be a competitive alternative to the hostile mineral oils. Still, marginal oxidation stability, viscosity, and tribological properties remain critical issues for performance improvement. This paper presents an improved palm grease using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-additives at different concentrations. Oil and grease samples were tested for viscosity, oxidation stability, pour point, penetration, roll stability, dropping point, churned grease-oil release, copper corrosion, friction, and wear. ZnO additives enhanced the oxidation stability by 60% and shifted the pour point to 6 °C. Adding ZnO and rGO to the palm grease increased the load-carrying capacity between 30% and 60%, respectively, and reduced the friction coefficient by up to 60%. From the wear scar morphologies, it is believed that graphene 2D nanoparticles formed absorption layers which contributed to the increase in load-carrying capacity, while ZnO chemically reacted with the metallic surface layer, forming zinc compounds that resulted in a protective boundary lubricating film. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials in Tribology)
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19 pages, 14665 KiB  
Article
Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelet Content on Mechanical and Elevated-Temperature Tribological Performance of Self-Lubricating ZE10 Magnesium Alloy Nanocomposites
by Sinan Kandemir, Sibel Yöyler, Rahul Kumar, Maksim Antonov and Hajo Dieringa
Lubricants 2024, 12(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020052 - 13 Feb 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1756
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and graphene in alloy formulations are of paramount importance for lightweight engineering applications. In the present study, ZE10 Mg-alloy-based nanocomposites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) having a thickness of 10–20 nm were fabricated via ultrasound-assisted stir casting. The effect of GNP [...] Read more.
Magnesium (Mg) and graphene in alloy formulations are of paramount importance for lightweight engineering applications. In the present study, ZE10 Mg-alloy-based nanocomposites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) having a thickness of 10–20 nm were fabricated via ultrasound-assisted stir casting. The effect of GNP contents (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.%) on the microstructure, Vickers hardness, and tensile properties of nanocomposites was investigated. Further, tribological studies were performed under a ball-on-disc sliding wear configuration against a bearing ball counterbody, at room and elevated temperatures of 100 °C and 200 °C, to comprehend temperature-induced wear mechanisms and friction evolution. It was revealed that the GNP addition resulted in grain coarsening and increased porosity rate of the Mg alloy. While the composites exhibited improved hardness by 20–35% at room temperature and 100 °C, a minor change was observed in their hardness and tensile yield strength values at 200 °C with respect to the GNP-free alloy. A notable improvement in lowering and stabilizing friction (coefficient of friction at 200 °C~0.25) and wear values was seen for the self-lubricating GNP-added composites at all sliding temperatures. The worn surface morphology indicated a simultaneous occurrence of abrasive and adhesive wear mode in all samples at room temperature and 100 °C, while delamination and smearing along with debris compaction (tribolayer protection) were the dominant mechanisms of wear at 200 °C. Inclusively, the results advocate steady frictional conditions, improved wear resistance, and favorable wear-protective mechanisms for the Mg alloy–GNP nanocomposites at room and elevated temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials in Tribology)
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18 pages, 11340 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of Spark Plasma Sintering Driven Solid-Solution Phases on Scratch Resistance in Two-Dimensional Materials
by Varad Agarwal, Ambreen Nisar, Abhijith K. Sukumaran, Lihua Lou and Sohail M. A. K. Mohammed
Lubricants 2024, 12(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12020031 - 24 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1821
Abstract
Developing a solid lubricant with the ideal blend of lubrication and mechanical strength poses a formidable challenge. For the first time, we delve into synthesis and wear behavior of multicomponent 2D materials via spark plasma sintering (SPS) by mixing equimolar concentrations of hexagonal [...] Read more.
Developing a solid lubricant with the ideal blend of lubrication and mechanical strength poses a formidable challenge. For the first time, we delve into synthesis and wear behavior of multicomponent 2D materials via spark plasma sintering (SPS) by mixing equimolar concentrations of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), and tungsten disulfide (WS2) using ball-milling (BM) and cryo-milling (CM) techniques. The mixing process controls the distribution of parent phases and thus solid-solutions, forming new phases, namely BCN, (Mo,W)S2, and B4C in the sample post sintering. The CM sample revealed a higher densification of 93% in contrast to the BM sample, with only 86% densification and a higher content of BCN, (Mo,W)S2, and B4C phases, exhibited via XRD and confocal Raman analysis. CM sample showed improved wear resistance (up to 46%) elicited from the lower wear volume loss (9.78 × 106 µm3) as compared to the BM sample (14.32 × 106 µm3). The dominant wear mechanisms were plowing, cracking, spallation, and severe abrasion in the BM sample, while cracking and plowing in the CM sample. The findings can pave the way for tailoring solid lubricants’ compositions and wear behavior per the intended application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials in Tribology)
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Review

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28 pages, 9240 KiB  
Review
Structural Superlubricity of Two-Dimensional Materials: Mechanisms, Properties, Influencing Factors, and Applications
by Fan-Bin Wu, Sheng-Jian Zhou, Jia-Hu Ouyang, Shu-Qi Wang and Lei Chen
Lubricants 2024, 12(4), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12040138 - 18 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2389
Abstract
Structural superlubricity refers to the lubrication state in which the friction between two crystalline surfaces in incommensurate contact is nearly zero; this has become an important branch in recent tribological research. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with structural superlubricity such as graphene, MoS2, [...] Read more.
Structural superlubricity refers to the lubrication state in which the friction between two crystalline surfaces in incommensurate contact is nearly zero; this has become an important branch in recent tribological research. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with structural superlubricity such as graphene, MoS2, h-BN, and alike, which possess unique layered structures and excellent friction behavior, will bring significant advances in the development of high-performance microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), as well as in space exploration, space transportation, precision manufacturing, and high-end equipment. Herein, the review mainly introduces the tribological properties of structural superlubricity among typical 2D layered materials and summarizes in detail the underlying mechanisms responsible for superlubricity on sliding surfaces and the influencing factors including the size and layer effect, elasticity effect, moiré superlattice, edge effect, and other external factors like normal load, velocity, and temperature, etc. Finally, the difficulties in achieving robust superlubricity from micro to macroscale were focused on, and the prospects and suggestions were discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials in Tribology)
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