Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatments of Intestinal Diseases—2nd Edition

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Physiology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 1753

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Division of General Surgery, Colon and Rectal Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Interests: surgery; surgical sciences; inflammatory bowel disease; Crohn’s disease; ulcerative colitis; indeterminate colitis; diagnostics
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor is grateful to the many researchers who contributed to the success of the first volume of this Special Issue (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/life/special_issues/AGI4O8D04O). We are very pleased to announce the second volume of our Special Issue, entitled “Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatments of Intestinal Diseases—2nd Edition”.

Productivity depends on a healthy digestive system where the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can produce digestive enzymes, include beneficial gut bacteria, efficiently absorb nutrients, prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria, and eliminate toxins as well as unwanted substances. Patients with digestive diseases and disorders (DDDs) are susceptible to long-term complications from diseases and the medications prescribed. Why these complications affect patients with GI tract diseases differently needs further studies to understand the bottom line. The ability to accurately diagnose and/or predict outcomes would allow for personalized prophylactic measures and the prevention of pathologic outcomes. Current methods for diagnosing DDDs are painstakingly inaccurate; thus, this Special Issue—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatments of Intestinal Diseases—will need to focus on understanding the associated biosignature(s) that can be used in research endeavors to understand the pathophysiology of a DDD and permit diagnosis precision as well as treatment. The pathophysiological conditions of the digestive system are complex, known, and unknown. The pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease aetiology, remains elusive. Painstakingly, an abnormal immune response is associated with the dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses, with no pharmaceuticals for a cure. We remain with more questions than answers.

We invite you, investigators in the field of GI at large, to support this Special Issue by submitting your research innovations and discoveries for publication consideration. 

Dr. Amosy Ephreim M’Koma
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • gastrointestinal disease/disorders
  • pathophysiology
  • diagnostics and treatment

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 416 KB  
Article
Preoperative Inflammatory Markers (NLR, MLR, PLR) in Evaluating Acute Cholecystitis Severity and Operative Difficulty
by Catalin Vladut Ionut Feier, Melania Veronica Ardelean, Calin Muntean, Alaviana Monique Faur, Vasile Gaborean and Marius Sorin Murariu
Life 2026, 16(4), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16040565 - 30 Mar 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 516
Abstract
Background: Acute cholecystitis, a leading cause of urgent surgical intervention, poses challenges in predicting severity and operative complexity. This study characterized the immuno-inflammatory profile distinguishing acute from chronic cholecystitis and assessed whether blood-derived ratios—neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR)—correlate with histologic severity [...] Read more.
Background: Acute cholecystitis, a leading cause of urgent surgical intervention, poses challenges in predicting severity and operative complexity. This study characterized the immuno-inflammatory profile distinguishing acute from chronic cholecystitis and assessed whether blood-derived ratios—neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR)—correlate with histologic severity and surgical difficulty. Methods: The study retrospectively analyzed 759 patients undergoing cholecystectomy from 2016 to 2024. Inflammatory indices from preoperative bloodwork were compared across histopathologic subtypes (catarrhal, phlegmonous, gangrenous), clinical features, and surgical outcomes, including conversion to open procedure. Logistic regression and ROC analyses identified predictors of acute inflammation and conversion. Results: Acute cholecystitis patients showed elevated NLR (7.0 vs. 3.1), MLR (0.44 vs. 0.26), and PLR (194 vs. 142; all p < 0.001). NLR was the only independent predictor of acute disease (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.203–1.390, p < 0.001), with superior discrimination (AUC = 0.806, cut-off = 3.56; sensitivity 73.1%, specificity 80.4%). NLR and PLR rose progressively from catarrhal to phlegmonous and gangrenous subtypes (p < 0.05), mirroring conversion rates (0% catarrhal, 3.2% phlegmonous, 10.5% gangrenous; p = 0.001). Conclusions: Routine hematologic ratios capture systemic immune activation in acute cholecystitis, reflecting histologic severity and operative risk. NLR, integrating innate and adaptive immune dynamics, offers a practical biomarker for preoperative risk stratification in acute care surgery. Full article
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12 pages, 1624 KB  
Article
Association Between Serum Vitamin D Levels and Colorectal Carcinoma: Insights from a Case Control Study in Northern Saudi Arabia
by Anass M. Abbas, Ashok Kumar Sah, Reef A. Alodhayd, Shahad A. Alblehed, Aryaf M. Almaeen, Saja T. Almadhor, Hala E. Sabaa, Rania Z. Alghafil, Nasir A. Nour, Abdulkhakov Ikhtiyor Umarovich, Ranjay Kumar Choudhary, Rabab H. Elshaikh and Manar G. Shalabi
Life 2026, 16(3), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16030512 - 20 Mar 2026
Viewed by 867
Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health concern and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. In Saudi Arabia, it is the most common cancer among men and the third most common among women. The disease affects predominantly older adults, with an [...] Read more.
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health concern and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. In Saudi Arabia, it is the most common cancer among men and the third most common among women. The disease affects predominantly older adults, with an increasing number of cases reported in younger populations. Emerging evidence suggests a potential association between Vitamin D deficiency and CRC risk and progression. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum Vitamin D levels and colorectal cancer, and to evaluate its association with clinicopathological characteristics. Methodology: A retrospective case–control study was conducted on newly diagnosed CRC patients between January 2021 and August 2024 at King Abdul-Aziz Specialist Hospital, Prince Muteb Hospital, and the Oncology Center in Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia. A total of 100 CRC cases and 50 healthy controls were included. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured and categorized as deficient (<20 ng/mL), insufficient (21–29 ng/mL), and normal (≥30 ng/mL). Histopathological features and tumor characteristics were analyzed. Statistical analyses included independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and chi-square tests. Results: During the four-year period, 5399 gastrointestinal specimens were analyzed, of which 2111 (39.1%) were colorectal specimens. CRC was diagnosed in 107 cases (5.1%), and 100 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 53.07 ± 13.3 years, and 69% were older than 50 years. Males represented 58% of cases (male-to-female ratio 1.4:1). Invasive adenocarcinoma was the predominant histological subtype (81%), with the sigmoid colon being the most common tumor site (39%). Vitamin D deficiency was significantly more prevalent in CRC patients (59%) compared to controls (22%). The mean serum Vitamin D level was significantly lower in cases (18.7 ± 11.3 ng/mL) than in controls (34.9 ± 15.6 ng/mL) (p < 0.001). No significant difference in Vitamin D levels was observed between males and females. Lower Vitamin D levels were significantly associated with advanced tumor grade (p = 0.004), lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001), lymph node involvement (p = 0.001), and distant metastasis (p < 0.001). Representative histopathological images confirmed invasive moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with characteristic malignant glandular architecture. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among colorectal cancer patients and was significantly associated with advanced tumor characteristics, including higher grade and metastatic features. These findings suggest a strong inverse relationship between serum Vitamin D levels and CRC development and progression. Further large-scale prospective and interventional studies are warranted to clarify the causal role of Vitamin D and its potential therapeutic implications in colorectal cancer prevention and management. Full article
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