Journal of Risk and Financial Management

Research

20 pages, 308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) and Firm Valuation: The Moderating Role of Audit Quality

by Mika Vaihekoski and Habeeb Yahya

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(3), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18030148 - 12 Mar 2025

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This paper investigates whether the external audit quality has an impact on the link between ESG performance and firm valuation using a sample of publicly listed Nordic firms. The results from a fixed-effect panel regression show that higher ESG scores lead to higher [...] Read more.

This paper investigates whether the external audit quality has an impact on the link between ESG performance and firm valuation using a sample of publicly listed Nordic firms. The results from a fixed-effect panel regression show that higher ESG scores lead to higher valuation when a Big Four audit firm is engaged as the external auditor, highlighting the impact of audit quality on the the reliability of the ESG evaluation. The finding highlights the importance of intense external audits in reinforcing investors’ confidence in ESG–firm valuation assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

21 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Firm Complexity and the Accuracy of Auditors’ Going Concern Opinions in Emerging Markets: Does Auditor Work Stress Matter?

by Safaa Saleh, Ahmed Diab and Osama Abouelela

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(3), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18030108 - 20 Feb 2025

Viewed by 843

Abstract

This study examines the direct and indirect effects of firm complexity on the accuracy of auditors’ going concern opinion (GCAO), and whether and how auditors’ work stress (AWS) can serve as a mediating variable in such a relationship. We analyzed a sample of [...] Read more.

This study examines the direct and indirect effects of firm complexity on the accuracy of auditors’ going concern opinion (GCAO), and whether and how auditors’ work stress (AWS) can serve as a mediating variable in such a relationship. We analyzed a sample of 705 firm-year observations from 105 non-financial firms listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange between 2017 and 2023. Binary logistic regression, OLS regression, and path analysis were employed to test the study hypotheses. The results suggested that firm complexity is negatively associated with GCAO accuracy but positively associated with AWS. Furthermore, a negative relationship was observed between AWS and GCAO accuracy. Finally, the analysis revealed that AWS mediates the relationship between firm complexity and GCAO accuracy. The findings remained robust across various sensitivity tests. Policymakers, audit firms, and investors can benefit from the findings, which emphasize the necessity of AWS mitigation techniques to improve GCAO accuracy and ultimately contribute to transparent financial reporting. This study provides unique evidence from a developing country on how firm complexity can indirectly impact the quality of auditors’ judgments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

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19 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Executive Religiosity and Disclosure Tone Ambiguity of Annual Reports

by Toufiq Nazrul and Rania Mousa

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18020054 - 24 Jan 2025

Viewed by 700

Abstract

This paper examines the effect of C-suite executive religiosity on the disclosure tone ambiguity of corporate annual reports. The paper utilizes executive-level religiosity, disclosure tone, and financial data from a sample of 2515 publicly listed U.S. corporations. It applies fixed-effect regression analysis to [...] Read more.

This paper examines the effect of C-suite executive religiosity on the disclosure tone ambiguity of corporate annual reports. The paper utilizes executive-level religiosity, disclosure tone, and financial data from a sample of 2515 publicly listed U.S. corporations. It applies fixed-effect regression analysis to show that the presence of religious executives within the C-suite team reduces the disclosure tone ambiguity of annual reports, as evidenced by a reduction in the number of negative and uncertain words within corporate annual reports. Subsample analyses show that religious CEOs and CFOs in the C-suite primarily drive the main findings, which is consistent with their heightened control over corporate annual report preparation processes post-SOX. The main finding holds across multiple robustness tests and suggests that the individual religiosity of C-suite executives can be an important determinant of a company’s disclosure tone-related choices. By utilizing the measure of executive-level religiosity, this study directly addresses recent calls for further research to examine additional personal and psychological factors beyond executive-level narcissism and political ideology that can influence top management personnel’s corporate disclosure tone-related choices. This study contributes to the literature by examining the influence of individual executive-level religiosity on the tonal sentiment of corporate communications, as represented by corporate annual reports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

35 pages, 3398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19-Related Audit Report Disclosures: Determinants and Consequences

by Joseph A. Micale and Joon Ho Kong

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18010021 - 8 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1078

Abstract

In this study, we identified firms receiving COVID-19-related audit report disclosures through critical audit matter (CAM) mentions of COVID-19 in their audit reports. Through OLS regressions, we then investigated the fundamental accounting and auditing determinants that predict the likelihood of firms to receive [...] Read more.

In this study, we identified firms receiving COVID-19-related audit report disclosures through critical audit matter (CAM) mentions of COVID-19 in their audit reports. Through OLS regressions, we then investigated the fundamental accounting and auditing determinants that predict the likelihood of firms to receive these COVID-19-related disclosures, and found that firms with intangibles and goodwill were more likely to have these mentioned in their audit reports. Next, we examined the content of these disclosures and found that auditors’ COVID-19 disclosures focused on significant accounting estimates (e.g., fair value accounting and asset impairment considerations). These results are consistent with the idea that COVID-19-related uncertainty represented a triggering event to firms, who then reassessed the carrying value of these long-term assets. After exploring the spillover effects to outsiders, we found that investors obtained a 7.3 basis point for abnormal returns following COVID-19 report disclosures and that auditors were able to charge these firms USD 452,000 higher audit fees relative to benchmark firms. The results are also consistent in entropy-balanced estimations and two-stage analyses that address endogeneity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

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13 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Market Reaction to Earnings Announcements Under Different Volatility Regimes

by Yusuf Joseph Ugras and Mark A. Ritter

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18010019 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1952

Abstract

This study investigates the occurrence and persistence of abnormal stock returns surrounding corporate earnings announcements, particularly emphasizing how varying frequencies of financial reporting influence market behavior. Specifically, this research examines the effects of the timing and frequency of disclosures on market reactions and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the occurrence and persistence of abnormal stock returns surrounding corporate earnings announcements, particularly emphasizing how varying frequencies of financial reporting influence market behavior. Specifically, this research examines the effects of the timing and frequency of disclosures on market reactions and stock price volatility during critical earnings announcement periods. By analyzing firms within the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) from 2014 to 2024, this study evaluates the interplay between financial reporting schedules and market responses to stock prices. Furthermore, it considers the impact of peer firms’ reporting practices on the assimilation of firm-specific information into stock prices. Using econometric models, including Vector Auto Regression (VAR), Impulse Response Functions (IRFs), and Self-Exciting Threshold Autoregressive (SETAR) models, causal relationships between reporting frequency, stock price volatility, and abnormal return patterns across different volatility regimes are identified. The findings highlight that quarterly reporting practices intensify market responses and contribute to significant variations in stock price behavior in high-volatility periods. These insights provide a deeper understanding of the role of financial disclosure practices and forward-looking guidance in shaping market efficiency. This study contributes to ongoing discussions about balancing the transparency benefits of frequent reporting with its potential to amplify market volatility and sector-specific risks, offering valuable implications for policymakers, investors, and corporate managers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

12 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Board Independence in Enhancing External Auditor Independence

by Osama Elsayed Abdelmaksoud Fathelbab and Hamzeh Yousef Abu Quba’

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18010013 - 31 Dec 2024

Viewed by 1154

Abstract

Legislative regulations have recognized the significance of board independence in enhancing the board’s role and strengthening its autonomy, which are among the key features that mitigate conflicts of interest between management and shareholders. External auditing serves as a pivotal element of corporate governance, [...] Read more.

Legislative regulations have recognized the significance of board independence in enhancing the board’s role and strengthening its autonomy, which are among the key features that mitigate conflicts of interest between management and shareholders. External auditing serves as a pivotal element of corporate governance, acting as a monitoring mechanism to reduce information asymmetry and safeguard principal interests by ensuring the accuracy and fairness of financial statements. This, in turn, reassures data users and stakeholders. The study aimed to examine the effect of board independence on enhancing external auditor independence among 72 Jordanian service companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2021, with a study sample of 62 companies. The findings revealed a negative impact of board member independence on external auditor independence, as measured by audit firm size. However, company size positively influenced external auditor independence, while no effect was found for financial leverage or company age. The findings highlight the need for companies to strengthen internal controls and governance practices to enhance external auditor independence. Additionally, they suggest that company size plays a crucial role, while other factors like financial leverage and company age may have limited impact, indicating areas for further exploration in future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

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32 pages, 3237 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of AI Disclosure on the Financial Reporting and Performance as Evidence from US Banks

by Ahmad Alzeghoul and Nizar Mohammad Alsharari

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18010004 - 26 Dec 2024

Viewed by 3180

Abstract

Purpose: This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence disclosure within the US banking sector. It may explore the implications of AI disclosure on issues like financial reporting, transparency, accountability, and ethical considerations within the banking sector. Design/methodology/approach: Using a blend of qualitative [...] Read more.

Purpose: This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence disclosure within the US banking sector. It may explore the implications of AI disclosure on issues like financial reporting, transparency, accountability, and ethical considerations within the banking sector. Design/methodology/approach: Using a blend of qualitative and quantitative analyses, the researchers utilized SEC and NASDAQ databases to scrutinize AI disclosures within the top 10 banks. The sample comprised 100 annual reports, and through multiple regression analysis, the research discerned a noteworthy enhancement in performance metrics. Findings: The study found that AI influences financial performance only when moderated by the interaction of shareholders, the board of directors, and independent board members. The findings indicate a rising trend of AI disclosure in financial reports. The study indicates that AI disclosure impacts NII, TEXP, and P/E. Additionally, the study indicated a conflict of interest between agents and principals. Large shareholders tended to favor more AI disclosures, whereas the board of directors either did not support or adopted a more conservative stance on disclosure. Research limitations/implications: This study acknowledges a limitation in the dataset; initially comprising 100 annual reports, it was later refined to meet regression analysis assumptions. Despite this limitation, the study’s insightful results contribute significantly to our understanding of the dynamic relationship between AI disclosure and the performance of top-tier banks in the USA. Originality/Value: By investigating the impact of AI disclosure, the study aims to provide insights into the broader considerations associated with artificial intelligence disclosures in the US banking sector. This study also analyzes how stakeholders respond to the disclosed information about artificial intelligence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

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17 pages, 484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Internal Audit Quality and External Auditors’ Attributes in Iranian and Iraqi Banks

by Bita Mashayekhi and Yousif Mohammed

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18010003 - 25 Dec 2024

Viewed by 999

Abstract

The significance of internal auditing and its quality cannot be overstated, making it essential to investigate the factors influencing this quality. This study, employing a cross-sectional analysis, aims to assess how the characteristics of external auditors affect the perceived quality of internal audits [...] Read more.

The significance of internal auditing and its quality cannot be overstated, making it essential to investigate the factors influencing this quality. This study, employing a cross-sectional analysis, aims to assess how the characteristics of external auditors affect the perceived quality of internal audits in Iranian and Iraqi banks. In 2024, data regarding the attributes of external auditors and the perceived quality of internal audits were collected through a questionnaire distributed to external auditors from various banks in Iran and Iraq. The data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study reveals a positive relationship between external auditors’ competence and independence and the perceived quality of internal audits, while it shows a negative impact of external audit methodologies on this perceived quality. These findings highlight the importance of external auditors’ independence as a key determinant of perceived internal audit quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

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17 pages, 605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Other Comprehensive Income: Do Nonprofessional Investors Value It as Much as Net Income?

by Ning Du and Ray Whittington

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(11), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17110508 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1263

Abstract

This study examines how investors incorporate unrealized gains or losses reported in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) into their investment judgments. Since unrealized gains or losses can be presented in either OCI or net income—gains from trading securities are included in net income, while [...] Read more.

This study examines how investors incorporate unrealized gains or losses reported in Other Comprehensive Income (OCI) into their investment judgments. Since unrealized gains or losses can be presented in either OCI or net income—gains from trading securities are included in net income, while those from available-for-sale securities are reported in OCI (ASC 320 and ASC 851)—it raises the question of whether OCI items are perceived as equally significant as net income items. To explore this, we conducted a 2 × 2 experiment with 240 individual investors, manipulating the presentation of unrealized gains or losses in either net income or OCI. Our findings reveal that unrealized gains are valued significantly lower when presented in OCI compared to net income, indicating that investors see OCI-reported gains as less relevant. However, for unrealized losses, the incorporation degree remained consistent across both presentations, reflecting a general aversion to unrealized losses regardless of how they are reported. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

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22 pages, 1654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Technological Readiness in Enhancing the Quality of Audit Work: Evidence from an Emerging Market

by Mohamed Ali Shabeeb Ali, Ibrahim A. Elshaer, Abdelhameed A. Montash and Abdelmoneim Bahyeldin Mohamed Metwally

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(11), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17110489 - 30 Oct 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1452

Abstract

This study examines the impact of remote audit quality (RAQ) on the quality of audit work (QAW). Further, it explores the moderating effect of both client technological readiness (CLTR) and auditor technology readiness (ADTR) on the link between RAQ and QAW. Data were [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of remote audit quality (RAQ) on the quality of audit work (QAW). Further, it explores the moderating effect of both client technological readiness (CLTR) and auditor technology readiness (ADTR) on the link between RAQ and QAW. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey distributed to all external auditors working in Egypt. The final sample consists of 280 auditors. The data were analyzed with smart partial least squares (Smart-PLS) software. The results showed that RAQ has a positive and significant impact on QAW. Moreover, the results revealed that CLTR and ADTR moderate the relationship between RAQ and QAW. CLTR was found to have a positive moderating role, as CLTR was found to strengthen the relationship between RAQ and QAW, while ADTR was found to have a negative moderating role, as ADTR was found to weaken the relationship between RAQ and QAW. The findings can provide a pivotal yardstick for guiding companies, auditing firms, auditing professional bodies, and regulators in the Egyptian context. Positioned as one of the early studies to concentrate on the moderating role of CLTR and ADTR in the relationship between RAQ and QAW, this research suggests insights within an emerging market context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

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21 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Informativeness of Performance Measures: Coefficients or R-Squareds?

by Ken Li

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(11), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17110481 - 24 Oct 2024

Viewed by 780

Abstract

Measuring the informativeness of earnings is of fundamental importance to accounting research. Both coefficients and R-squareds have been proposed as candidates for measuring the informativeness of earnings. However, recent research has focused substantially more on using coefficients, rather than R-squareds, to draw inferences. [...] Read more.

Measuring the informativeness of earnings is of fundamental importance to accounting research. Both coefficients and R-squareds have been proposed as candidates for measuring the informativeness of earnings. However, recent research has focused substantially more on using coefficients, rather than R-squareds, to draw inferences. This paper first documents in a small theoretical model that under some circumstances, R-squareds map more closely to informativeness than coefficients. Second, this paper documents that in archival data, coefficients and R-squareds can draw opposite inferences regarding the informativeness of earnings and other performance measures up to 50% of the time. Third, this paper proposes an approach to provide statistical inference using R-squareds. Taken together, this paper suggests that rather than solely relying on coefficients, as is common in prior literature, R-squareds can also be used to measure the informativeness of earnings and other performance measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

12 pages, 451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Firms’ Characteristics Influence Their IT Strategies? A Study on the Driving Force behind Firms’ Decisions to Appoint IT Expertise

by Ashraf Khallaf, Anis Samet and Jap Efendi

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(10), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17100465 - 14 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1095

Abstract

The demand for information technology expertise has grown rapidly in the last few decades, signaling firms’ commitment to integrating IT into core business strategies. Understanding the conditions under which firms appoint a chief information officer (CIO) can provide valuable insights into the evolving [...] Read more.

The demand for information technology expertise has grown rapidly in the last few decades, signaling firms’ commitment to integrating IT into core business strategies. Understanding the conditions under which firms appoint a chief information officer (CIO) can provide valuable insights into the evolving role of IT in corporate governance. This study addresses a crucial gap in the literature by exploring the determinants of a firm’s decision to hire a CIO at the top management level. The study identifies several factors that influence a firm’s decision to appoint a CIO, including the firm’s size, its level of innovation, and its prior performance. The study examines these assertions by comparing the characteristics of firms that appoint a CIO at the top management level with those of similar firms in their industries that do not have a CIO position prior to the appointment. A logistic regression model that considers CIO firms and their matched firms indicates that firms that have larger capital expenditures, higher market value, or have experienced loss are more likely to hire a new CIO. Our study provides empirical evidence on why certain firms prioritize IT leadership at the executive level. Full article

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31 pages, 557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Venture Capital Interest: The Influence of the Big 4 Audit Firms on IPOs

by Manal Alidarous

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(7), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17070292 - 9 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2230

Abstract

This paper investigated how hiring one of the Big 4 auditing firms helps initial public offering (IPO) owners attract venture capitalists’ (VCs) backing when going public to address the gap in auditing and venture capital literature. For this, the paper examined a large [...] Read more.

This paper investigated how hiring one of the Big 4 auditing firms helps initial public offering (IPO) owners attract venture capitalists’ (VCs) backing when going public to address the gap in auditing and venture capital literature. For this, the paper examined a large dataset from 1995 to 2019 consisting of 33,536 IPO firms from 22 countries with diverse socioeconomic, political, and cultural contexts. The study found that hiring Big 4 auditors increases IPO owners’ chances of recruiting VCs by up to 50%. The analysis also supports prior findings, which state that IPO owners strategically choose Big 4 audit firms to lower agency costs and send quality signals to improve openness and disclosure as well as boost VCs’ confidence in the IPO market. This research offers multiple benefits to academics, policymakers, investors, and issuers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

26 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cost–Benefit Analysis of International Financial Reporting Standard and Russian Accounting Standard Integration: What Does Comparability Cost?

by Elizabeth H. Turner and Clark M. Wheatley

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(7), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17070287 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1440

Abstract

In Russia, firms with consolidated financial statements must produce financial statements in both RAS (Russian accounting standards) and IFRS (international financial reporting standards). Unconsolidated SMEs are only required to use RAS. Using hand-collected data from 2010–2013 (pre- and post-IFRS adoption periods), we find [...] Read more.

In Russia, firms with consolidated financial statements must produce financial statements in both RAS (Russian accounting standards) and IFRS (international financial reporting standards). Unconsolidated SMEs are only required to use RAS. Using hand-collected data from 2010–2013 (pre- and post-IFRS adoption periods), we find income measures under RAS are converging to income measures under IFRS. The quality of earnings exhibits no change under IFRS, while RAS earnings are being managed upward for firms that have adopted IFRS and downward for firms that have not adopted IFRS. The relative variation in market and book values differs more widely under IFRS when compared to RAS, implying more volatility and risk under IFRS. We attribute our findings to a monitoring effect derived from IFRS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

11 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Investment Funds Audited by the Big Four Firms Exhibit Different Performances? Evidence from Brazil

by Rodrigo Fernandes Malaquias, Dermeval Martins Borges Junior and Pablo Zambra

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(7), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17070284 - 6 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1751

Abstract

Investment funds manage a portfolio composed of financial instruments; therefore, their accounting reports should undergo a careful process of preparation and auditing. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of being audited by a Big Four audit company on [...] Read more.

Investment funds manage a portfolio composed of financial instruments; therefore, their accounting reports should undergo a careful process of preparation and auditing. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of being audited by a Big Four audit company on funds’ risk-adjusted performance. The database is composed of equity funds from the Brazilian financial market, with daily returns spanning from January 2005 to March 2023. The funds’ performance was measured based on three indicators, including the Sharpe Ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. Fama and MacBeth regressions were used to test the hypotheses. The main findings indicate that the benefits of audit quality also include a positive effect on the risk-adjusted performance of investment funds, as the coefficient of the variable “Big Four” was positive and significant based on the proxies for risk-adjusted performance. This study advances this area of research by demonstrating the effects of the type of audit on the risk-adjusted performance indicators of investment funds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

15 pages, 270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bank Loan Loss Provision Determinants in Non-Crisis Years: Evidence from African, European, and Asian Countries

by Peterson K. Ozili

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17030115 - 12 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3383

Abstract

Loan loss provision is an important accounting accrual in the banking sector. There have been numerous debates about the determinants of loan loss provision in several contexts. This study extends the debate by investigating the determinants of bank loan loss provision in non-crisis [...] Read more.

Loan loss provision is an important accounting accrual in the banking sector. There have been numerous debates about the determinants of loan loss provision in several contexts. This study extends the debate by investigating the determinants of bank loan loss provision in non-crisis years for 28 countries from 2011 to 2018. The non-crisis years cover the periods after the global financial crisis and the periods before the COVID-19 pandemic while the countries consist of African, European, and Asian countries. Using the generalized linear model regression and the quantile regression methodologies, the results show that institutional quality is a significant determinant of bank loan loss provision, indicating that the presence of strong institutions decreases the size of bank loan loss provision in non-crisis years. In the regional analyses, it was found that economic growth is a significant determinant of bank loan loss provisions in African and Asian countries. Loan loss provision is higher in times of economic prosperity in African and Asian countries. Bank overhead cost is a significant determinant of bank loan loss provisions in Asian countries. Meanwhile, bank loan loss provision determinants are insignificant in European countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Accounting & Auditing Research)

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