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Advances in Maritime Economics and Logistics
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Advances in Maritime Economics and Logistics

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2022) | Viewed by 17853

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Claudio Ferrari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Economics, University of Genoa, Via Vivaldi 5, 16126 Genoa, Italy
Interests: maritime transport; shipyards; maritime economics; innovation in shipping; economic assessment
Prof. Dr. Nam Kyu Park

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Former Professor, International Port and Logistics Department, Tongmyung University, Busan 48520, Republic of Korea
2. Logi AI Innovation Lab, T2L, Koyang 1545, Republic of Korea
Interests: port automation; port capacity; container terminal automation; port productivity; port environment, energy, port information system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Kevin X Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ocean College, Zhejiang University, No.1 Zheda Road, Zhoushan 316021, China
Interests: maritime law & policy; maritime management; transportation; maritime Logistics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Maritime transport is going through a process of deep transformation resulting from:

  • the consequences of the pandemic, which has accelerated the process of re-shoring and near-shoring of supply chains;
  • the entry of new players into the sector brought about by the criticalities arising from the reconfiguration of flows, the rise in freight rates in liner shipping, and the congestion occurring in many seaports;
  • the processes of ecological transition (either of the transport sector or of economies in general) and the increasing automation interest in the sector.

What are the possible development trajectories of the sector in the medium–long term? Which segments of the industry will be most affected by these changes? Is there a trend towards further concentration in liner shipping? How will the flows for the main commodities change?

These are some of the issues that this Special Issue is dedicated to.

Prof. Dr. Claudio Ferrari
Prof. Dr. Nam Kyu Park
Prof. Dr. Kevin X Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • energy transition
  • innovation
  • market structure
  • maritime routes
  • vertical integration
  • tramp and liner markets

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 1897 KiB  
Article
Estimation of LNG Dolphin Capacity: Dolphins of Different Size in Republic of Korea
by Nam Kyu Park and Yohan An
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 2031; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10122031 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1200
Abstract
The LNG terminals are characterized by a large number of ships entering the port during the winter season due to the seasonality of rapidly increasing demand for heating. In winter, there is a shortage of dolphin jetty wharf (dolphins), which increases the waiting [...] Read more.
The LNG terminals are characterized by a large number of ships entering the port during the winter season due to the seasonality of rapidly increasing demand for heating. In winter, there is a shortage of dolphin jetty wharf (dolphins), which increases the waiting rate for ships. Therefore, there is a practical argument that dolphins should be additionally built to solve the ship standby problem. This study proposes the proper LNG handling capacity of a terminal with multiple dolphins of different size. Studies on calculating the LNG handling capacity of LNG terminal dolphins have been proposed by UNCTAD and Ministry of Transport of China (MTC). The formula-based calculation of LNG handling capacity has the advantage of being simple, but it has the disadvantage of not reflecting the actual operation. In this study, the proper LNG handling capacity is measured using a simulation method to overcome the limitations of formula-based calculation for Incheon port in South Korea. In order to check whether the method by simulation is justified, it is compared with the unloading capacity by the calculation formula. This study finds that the proper (or optimal) LNG handling capacity of Incheon port is determined by a dolphin occupancy of 49%, where the dolphin’s profits are maximized. As the results of simulation model, the proper (or optimal) loading capacity is 38.5 million m3 when dolphin occupancy is 49%. The capacity of individual dolphin is estimated at 17.0 million m3 for 70,000 DWT dolphin and 21.2 million m3 for 120,000 DWT dolphin, respectively. The main points of this study to use simulation model are as follows: First, the number of non-working days should be considered. Second, the optimal dolphin occupancy should be determined by finding the maximum profit point of using the pier. Third, if the size of the dolphin is different, an appropriate simulation will be implemented. Fourth, the data of the peak season should be analyzed. Finally, it should be checked whether the ship waiting rate is acceptable level or not. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Economics and Logistics)
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24 pages, 598 KiB  
Article
Innovation in Smart Ports: Future Directions of Digitalization in Container Ports
by Marikka Heikkilä, Jouni Saarni and Antti Saurama
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121925 - 06 Dec 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 9404
Abstract
New digital Industry 4.0 solutions and smart applications are being adopted in many industries, also in the most advanced ports in the world. Still, it is not clear in which directions digitalization in ports will develop in the future. Building on the research [...] Read more.
New digital Industry 4.0 solutions and smart applications are being adopted in many industries, also in the most advanced ports in the world. Still, it is not clear in which directions digitalization in ports will develop in the future. Building on the research literature and the state-of-the-art in major container ports, this research characterizes smart ports and Port 4.0 with three key focus areas: automation, sustainability and collaboration. Following the scenario building theory, this article constructs four alternative scenarios for future smart ports and shows the ways in which these alternative scenarios will lead to different prioritization of digital innovations between automation, sustainable development and cooperation issues. This will have a big impact on what digitalization in ports will be like in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Economics and Logistics)
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21 pages, 5333 KiB  
Article
An Approach to Accurate Ship Image Recognition in a Complex Maritime Transportation Environment
by Meng Yu, Shaojie Han, Tengfei Wang and Haiyan Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1903; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121903 - 05 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
In order to monitor traffic in congested waters, permanent video stations are now commonly used on interior riverbank bases. It is frequently challenging to identify ships properly and effectively in such images because of the intricate backdrop scenery and overlap between ships brought [...] Read more.
In order to monitor traffic in congested waters, permanent video stations are now commonly used on interior riverbank bases. It is frequently challenging to identify ships properly and effectively in such images because of the intricate backdrop scenery and overlap between ships brought on by the fixed camera location. This work proposes Ship R-CNN(SR-CNN), a Faster R-CNN-based ship target identification algorithm with improved feature fusion and non-maximum suppression (NMS). The SR-CNN approach can produce more accurate target prediction frames for prediction frames with distance intersection over union (DIOU) larger than a specific threshold in the same class weighted by confidence scores, which can enhance the model’s detection ability in ship-dense conditions. The SR-CNN approach in NMS replaces the intersection over union (IOU) filtering criterion, which solely takes into account the overlap of prediction frames, while DIOU, also takes into account the centroid distance. The screening procedure in NMS, which is based on a greedy method, is then improved by the SR-CNN technique by including a confidence decay function. In order to generate more precise target prediction frames and enhance the model’s detection performance in ship-dense scenarios, the proposed SR-CNN technique weights prediction frames in the same class with DIOU greater than a predetermined threshold by the confidence score. Additionally, the SR-CNN methodology uses two feature weighting methods based on the channel domain attention mechanism and regularized weights to provide a more appropriate feature fusion for the issue of a difficult ship from background differentiation in busy waters. By gathering images of ship monitoring, a ship dataset is created to conduct comparative testing. The experimental results demonstrate that, when compared to the three traditional two-stage target detection algorithms Faster R-CNN, Cascade R-CNN, and Libra R-CNN, this paper’s algorithm Ship R-CNN can effectively identify ship targets in the complex background of far-shore scenes where the distinction between the complex background and the ship targets is low. The suggested approach can enhance detection and decrease misses for small ship targets where it is challenging to distinguish between ship targets and complex background objects in a far-shore setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Economics and Logistics)
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16 pages, 1731 KiB  
Article
Using the Mid-Point Theorem to Establish the Optimal Step Toll Scheme for the Suez Canal
by Chen-Hsiu Laih and Pey-Yuan Sun
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111736 - 12 Nov 2022
Viewed by 1175
Abstract
In the current literature about queuing pricing, the optimal time-varying toll and adjustable step toll schemes have been developed for the Suez Canal to eliminate or alleviate the inefficiency of a large number of ships waiting in line to enter the canal. The [...] Read more.
In the current literature about queuing pricing, the optimal time-varying toll and adjustable step toll schemes have been developed for the Suez Canal to eliminate or alleviate the inefficiency of a large number of ships waiting in line to enter the canal. The purpose of the above two tolling schemes is to solve the serious queuing problem at the canal anchorage, which is completely different from the current navigation toll levied by the Suez Canal to recover the operation and maintenance costs incurred by ships passing through the canal. Because the two developed tolling schemes are complicated in model structure and inconvenient in practical operation, to solve these problems, this paper uses a new approach of the mid-point theorem to establish the optimal step toll scheme as alternative pricing to ease queuing for the Suez Canal. All variables for the optimal step toll scheme are able to be solved by the mid-point theorem, and these solutions show obvious regularities as the number of tolling steps increases progressively. By analyzing these regularities, we obtain three critical formulas for these solutions, such as the toll amount and the corresponding start and end times for each step of the optimal step toll scheme. The contents of the three formulas are extremely concise. These not only reinforce the theoretical basis of the existing queuing pricing model but can also promote implementing electronic toll collection with the optimal step toll scheme. Finally, we use the three formulas to provide a numerical analysis of the optimal triple-step toll scheme for the Suez Canal. This simulation example could be a practical reference for the canal authorities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Economics and Logistics)
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31 pages, 5180 KiB  
Article
Collaborative Optimization of Yard Crane Deployment and Inbound Truck Arrivals with Vessel-Dependent Time Windows
by Mengzhi Ma, Wenting Zhao, Houming Fan and Yu Gong
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111650 - 03 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1404
Abstract
Due to mega-ships, increasing container throughput, and nonuniform truck arrivals, many container terminals face challenges of unbalanced workloads of yard equipment, shortage of equipment resources in peak hours, and congestion problem. To solve such issues, we propose a mixed-integer bilevel programming model to [...] Read more.
Due to mega-ships, increasing container throughput, and nonuniform truck arrivals, many container terminals face challenges of unbalanced workloads of yard equipment, shortage of equipment resources in peak hours, and congestion problem. To solve such issues, we propose a mixed-integer bilevel programming model to optimize the vessel-dependent time windows for inbound trucks and yard crane deployment simultaneously. In the proposed bilevel model, the upper level aims to minimize the total truck waiting time at the container terminal gate and yard, while the lower level is formulated to minimize the total workload overflow to next shift in the whole container yard. The optimal yard crane deployment obtained in the lower level will transfer to the upper level problem to determine the waiting time of trucks in the yard and then affect the truck arrivals pattern. To solve the model, a hybrid algorithm—called hybrid genetic algorithm, based on collective decision optimization—is put forward by combining the genetic algorithm and the collective decision optimization algorithm. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate the proposed approach is effective to simultaneously flatten truck arrivals and improve the efficiency of yard cranes. The proposed approach can significantly reduce container terminals’ truck waiting time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Economics and Logistics)
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16 pages, 1617 KiB  
Article
Integrated Scheduling of Vessels, Cranes and Trains to Minimize Delays in a Seaport Container Terminal
by Jesús Muñuzuri, Antonio Lorenzo-Espejo, Ana Pegado-Bardayo and Alejandro Escudero-Santana
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(10), 1506; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101506 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1541
Abstract
The multiple processes taking place on a daily basis at an intermodal container terminal are often considered individually, given the complexity of their joint consideration. Nevertheless, the integrated planning and scheduling of operations in an intermodal terminal, including the arrivals and departures of [...] Read more.
The multiple processes taking place on a daily basis at an intermodal container terminal are often considered individually, given the complexity of their joint consideration. Nevertheless, the integrated planning and scheduling of operations in an intermodal terminal, including the arrivals and departures of trains and vessels, is a very relevant topic for terminal managers, which can benefit from the application of Operations Research (OR) techniques to obtain near-optimal solutions without excessive computational cost. Applying the functional integration technique, we present here a mathematical model for this terminal planning process, and solve it using heuristic procedures, given its complexity and size. Details on the benchmark comparison of a genetic algorithm, a simulated annealing routine and a tabu search are provided for different problem instances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maritime Economics and Logistics)
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