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Eating Disorder: Impulse Mechanisms and Appetite Control
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Eating Disorder: Impulse Mechanisms and Appetite Control

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Mental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2022) | Viewed by 4861

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Samantha Brooks

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
Interests: eating disorder; addiction
Dr. Cindy Hagan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Adolphs Lab, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Interests: effective neuroscience; neuropsychiatry; psychiatric disorders

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version 5 (DSM5) and the related Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) both imply a transdiagnostic approach to eating disorders along an impulse control spectrum from restrictive anorexia nervosa (rAN) through to bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) (Brooks et al 2012).  In addition, dimensions of impulsivity interact with compulsivity to account for degrees of automatic, knee-jerk versus conscious, ruminatory responses to account for variations in appetitive processes in those with eating disorders and common comorbidities, such as obsessive-compulsive traits, perfectionism, substance use and anxiety disorders (Brooks & Schioth, 2019).  These cognitive-affective processes of restriction versus impulsivity and compulsivity have well-established neural underpinnings (Brooks et al. 2017).  The degree to which various cortico-limbic circuits are activated appear to predict where – within an impulse-control spectrum model - a given DSM5 eating disorder category, or RDoC transdiagnostic domain can be placed.

Research over the last decade has demonstrated two important aspects within the eating disorders field: a) that self-report and cognitive-affective measures of impulse and appetite control mechanisms can be significantly linked to underlying neural processes (Trevor et al., 2018), and b) that despite this, there is still a large percentage of patients who are resistant to current treatments, such as Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and psychopharmacological interventions such as serotonin or noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors, or low-dose anti-psychotics (Halmi, 2013). In addition, the DSM5 categories: other specified feeding and eating disorders (OS-FED) and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) account for the approximately sixty percent of eating disordered behaviours that do not fit into the main categories (in the previous edition of the DSM-IV these were termed eating disorder not otherwise specified: EDNOS). As such, under the current treatment rubrics, these non-categorical eating disorders are difficult to provide treatment for. Given the anomaly between the greater understanding of neural mechanisms underlying impulse and appetite control on the one hand, and the persistent treatment resistance in those with a range of life-threatening eating disorders on the other, there is a need for neurocognitive data-driven revisions to the current interventions (Halmi, 2013).

This special issue aims to bring together various researchers concerned with using data-driven approaches to understand the underlying neural mechanisms of impulse and appetite control, in order to stimulate further ideas about how to improve treatments for eating disorders.

Prof. Samantha Brooks
Dr. Cindy Hagan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Appetite Control
  • Eating Disorders
  • Impulse Control
  • Neural Processes
  • Data-Driven Treatments

Published Papers (2 papers)

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11 pages, 618 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Faceted Evaluation of Impulsivity Traits and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa
by Paolo Meneguzzo, Patrizia Todisco, Enrico Collantoni, Valentina Meregalli, David Dal Brun, Elena Tenconi and Angela Favaro
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(24), 5895; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10245895 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2538
Abstract
(1) Background: patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) are classified either as restrictive (ANr) or binge/purge (ANbp) according to the absence or presence of impulsive eating and compensatory behaviors. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of impulsivity in both [...] Read more.
(1) Background: patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) are classified either as restrictive (ANr) or binge/purge (ANbp) according to the absence or presence of impulsive eating and compensatory behaviors. The aim of the present study was to assess the levels of impulsivity in both AN subtypes and to explore whether individual differences in impulsivity may be explained by differences in the presence of early maladaptive schemas. (2) Methods: the sample group included 122 patients with ANr, 112 patients with ANbp, and 131 healthy women (HW). All of these participants completed the UPPS-P scale for an assessment of impulsive behaviors and the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3) for an assessment of early maladaptive schemas. (3) Results: the patients with ANbp displayed higher levels of impulsivity compared with the patients with ANr and HW. Patients with AN, especially the restrictive subtype, also reported higher levels of early maladaptive schemas than HW, and regression analyses revealed that specific maladaptive schemas partially explain the variability in impulsivity in both patients and HW. (4) Conclusions: it appears that maladaptive beliefs developed during childhood or adolescence may predict the development of impulsivity, a personality trait usually associated with maladaptive behaviors, and appears to be prevalent among ANbp patients. The clinical effects of this, as well as directions for future study, are also discussed in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Disorder: Impulse Mechanisms and Appetite Control)
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19 pages, 1501 KiB  
Article
Volumetric Alterations of the Cerebral Cortex in Eating Disorders
by Laura Vidal, Miguel A Ortega, Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon, Melchor Álvarez-Mon and Guillermo Lahera
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(23), 5480; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10235480 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1784
Abstract
Eating disorders are relatively frequent psychiatric disorders that can produce serious consequences at the brain level. In an effort to clarify the neurobiological mechanisms of their pathogenesis, some studies have suggested the existence of modifications of the cortical architecture in eating disorders, but [...] Read more.
Eating disorders are relatively frequent psychiatric disorders that can produce serious consequences at the brain level. In an effort to clarify the neurobiological mechanisms of their pathogenesis, some studies have suggested the existence of modifications of the cortical architecture in eating disorders, but it is unknown whether the alterations described are a cause or consequence of eating disorders. The main objective of this systematic review is to collect the evidence available about the volumetric alterations of the cerebral cortex in eating disorders in adults and their apparent relationship with the pathogenesis of the disease. Initially, 91 articles were found by a search that included the terms anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder, gray matter, cortical thickness (CT), and brain volume. To pare down the articles, the following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) cortical thickness and/or gray matter volume (GMV) in patients with anorexia, bulimia nervosa, or binge-eating disorder was the main measure of the study; and (2) the sample was adult patients aged 18–65. The exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) articles that did not analyze cortical thickness or gray matter volume; (2) studies with patients with comorbidities; and (3) studies in patients who did not meet the DSM-IV/DSM-V criteria. In the first phase of selection, we proceeded to read the titles and abstracts as a first screen, thereby excluding 62 studies, followed by a complete critical reading of the 29 remaining articles. In this last phase, nine studies were excluded because they did not specify the eating disorder subtype, they included adolescents, or they did not measure GMV or CT. Finally, after the above systematic selection process, 20 articles were included in this review. Despite the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, there was some agreement between them. They showed an overall reduction in GMV in eating disorders, as well as alterations in certain regions of the cerebral cortex. Some of the most often mentioned cortical areas were the frontal, cingulate, and right orbitofrontal cortices, the precuneus, the right insula, and some temporoparietal gyri in cases of AN, with greater cortical involvement in frontotemporal and medial orbitofrontal regions in BN and binge eating disorder. Likewise, certain cortical regions, such as the left inferior frontal gyrus, the precuneus, the right superior motor area, the cingulate cortex, the insula, and the medial orbitofrontal sulcus, often remained altered after recovery from AN, making them potential cortical areas involved in the etiopathogenesis of AN. A reduction in GMV in specific areas of the CNS can inform us about the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie eating disorders as well as give us a better understanding of their possible consequences at the brain level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Disorder: Impulse Mechanisms and Appetite Control)
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