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Clinical Update on Cardiac Rehabilitation
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Clinical Update on Cardiac Rehabilitation

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Rehabilitation".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2026) | Viewed by 1126

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Bruno Bordoni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Cardiology, Foundation Don Carlo Gnocchi Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Institute of Hospitalization and Care, S Maria Nascente, Via Capecelatro 66, 20100 Milan, Italy
Interests: diaphragm; fascia; cardiac rehabilitation; physiotherapy; osteopathic medicine
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The American Heart Association (AHA), the American College of Cardiology (ACC) and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR) consider rehabilitation to be a science that deals with secondary prevention. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) aims to reduce the prevalence of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease and minimize hospitalizations compared to patients with the same pathology but who do not follow CR. The multi-interprofessionalism of the rehabilitation team allows each patient to be treated with subjective approaches during the various phases of the rehabilitation process. CR includes aerobic and anaerobic physical activity, nutritional and psychological support, pharmacological integration and various periodic instrumental assessments, as well as nursing care when necessary.

Like any science, CR is constantly evolving. For example, novel tools and rehabilitation techniques (in hospital facilities, at home remotely) have been introduced in recent years. In addition, despite the publication of more detailed guidelines, the most valid indications for performing CR in each cardiovascular pathology, the most appropriate timing, and the best amount of training and pharmacological therapy in various rehabilitation phases remain unknown.

This Special Issue welcomes the submission of articles that address gaps in the existing literature regarding CR.

Dr. Bruno Bordoni
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cardiac rehabilitation
  • cardiovascular disease
  • physiotherapy
  • interprofessional intervention
  • exercise training
  • nutritional counseling
  • psychosocial support
  • secondary prevention
  • rehabilitation modalities
  • rehabilitation tools

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

14 pages, 952 KB  
Article
Feasibility and Utility of Recumbent Ergometer-Based Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test in Phase 1 Cardiac Rehabilitation Following Cardiac Surgery: A Pilot Study
by Yeon Mi Kim, Bo Ryun Kim, Ho Sung Son, Sung Bom Pyun, Jae Seung Jung and Hee Jung Kim
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(6), 2429; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15062429 - 22 Mar 2026
Viewed by 373
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Recent guidelines have emphasized the importance of early mobilization and rehabilitation of patients following cardiac surgery. However, studies on the optimal targets and prescription methods for phase I cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and utility [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Recent guidelines have emphasized the importance of early mobilization and rehabilitation of patients following cardiac surgery. However, studies on the optimal targets and prescription methods for phase I cardiac rehabilitation (CR) are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and utility of an early phase 1 submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) using a recumbent ergometer in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery. Methods: Twenty ambulatory patients who underwent cardiac surgery between December 2021 and February 2023 were referred to the CR department on the fifth postoperative day, and a CR program was initiated. The program was conducted five times a week, with hour-long sessions consisting of warm-up exercises, resistance training, aerobic exercises, and a cool-down period. A recumbent ergometer-based submaximal CPET was performed approximately nine days after the surgery, prior to discharge. Participants initiated the test at 0 W, and the workload was increased by 20 W after 2 min. During the test, researchers evaluated parameters including submaximal peak values of oxygen consumption (VO2), metabolic equivalents of task, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The grip strength test, 6 min walk test (6MWT), Korean Activity Scale/Index (KASI), EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D), and short-form 36-item health survey (SF-36) values were also measured prior to discharge. Results: Twenty patients (75% male, average age 62.50 ± 1.99 years) underwent CPET at a median of 9.0 (8.0; 12.5) days postoperative. The average exercise duration of the CPET was 411.75 ± 168.25 s. During the test, their submaximal peak VO2 was 12.32 ± 0.75 mL/kg/min (corresponding to 46.65 ± 2.08% of VO2 max). The submaximal peak RER was 1.01 (0.98–1.12), and the submaximal peak RPE was 15.00 ± 0.51. Furthermore, the submaximal peak HR was 111.8 ± 3.76 beats/min (equivalent to 70.95 ± 2.09% of age-predicted maximal HR). After adjustment for age and sex, statistically significant positive correlations were observed between the submaximal peak VO2 and 6MWT, squat endurance test, KASI, EQ-5D, and the physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-36 questionnaire. The 6MWT, squat endurance test, KASI, and PCS of SF-36 showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.522 (p = 0.026), 0.628 (p = 0.005), 0.586 (p = 0.011), and 0.546 (p = 0.019), respectively. No significant cardiac events, such as ST elevation/depression or hemodynamic instability, were observed during the test. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that performing recumbent ergometer-based CPET during early phase 1 CR is safe and feasible. These results highlight the potential of recumbent ergometer-based CPET as a valuable tool for guiding the appropriate prescription of early CR programs following hospital discharge in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Update on Cardiac Rehabilitation)
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