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Innovations in Personalized Therapy and Clinical Outcomes for Myopia and Ocular Disorders

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2026 | Viewed by 7037

Editor

Dr. Clara Martinez-Perez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Applied Physics Department (Optometry Area), Facultade de Óptica e Optometría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Interests: myopia; binocular vision; epidemiology; eye disorders; refractive errors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to explore the latest advances in personalized therapy and clinical outcomes for myopia and other ocular conditions. With the global prevalence of myopia rising sharply—particularly among children and young adults—there is an urgent need for effective, individualized interventions. At the same time, a wide range of ocular disorders continue to pose significant public health challenges worldwide.

We are particularly interested in clinical approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and management, including pharmacological, optical, surgical, and behavioral strategies. Contributions that address innovations in diagnostics, digital tools, artificial intelligence, and sustainability in eye care are especially welcome.

By bringing together multidisciplinary perspectives, this Special Issue seeks to bridge the gap between research and clinical practice, promote collaborative innovation, and highlight both emerging technologies and persistent challenges in the field. We invite original research articles and comprehensive reviews that contribute to advancing individualized care and improving clinical outcomes in myopia and other visual disorders.

Dr. Clara Martinez-Perez
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • myopia
  • refractive errors
  • visual development
  • childhood eye disorders
  • vision screening
  • diagnostic tools in optometry
  • vision-related quality of life
  • therapeutic strategies in optometry
  • artificial intelligence
  • public health
  • eye care innovation
  • multidisciplinary vision science

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 931 KB  
Article
Spherical Equivalent Percentile Curves in a Portuguese School-Aged Population
by María Ibeth Peñaloza-Barbosa, Clara Martinez-Perez, Cristina Andreu-Vázquez, Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena and Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7262; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207262 - 14 Oct 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 822
Abstract
Bacground/Objectives: This study aimed to develop age- and sex-specific spherical equivalent (SE) percentile curves and estimate the prevalence of refractive errors (REs) in Portuguese schoolchildren aged 6–17 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three schools in Lisbon, including 2205 [...] Read more.
Bacground/Objectives: This study aimed to develop age- and sex-specific spherical equivalent (SE) percentile curves and estimate the prevalence of refractive errors (REs) in Portuguese schoolchildren aged 6–17 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three schools in Lisbon, including 2205 children (mean age = 9.3 ± 2.6 years; 49.3% boys). Vision was assessed using non-cycloplegic static retinoscopy (chosen due to feasibility in school settings) and visual acuity tests. SE percentile curves (P5–P95) were generated by age and sex. SE values and RE distribution (hyperopia, emmetropia, and myopia) were compared across four age groups (6–8, 9–11, 12–14, and 15–17 years). Results: SE values decreased significantly with age (p < 0.001). Median SE ranged from +0.50 D (6–8 years) to 0.00 D (15–17 years), with no sex differences. Hyperopia predominated in younger children (60.6% at 6–8 years), whereas myopia increased in older ages (32.2% at 15–17 years). Conclusions: This study presents the first SE percentile curves for Portuguese schoolchildren, providing a practical, age-specific reference for vision screening. The progressive shift from hyperopia to myopia highlights the importance of early detection and monitoring to prevent visual impairment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Personalized Therapy and Clinical Outcomes for Myopia and Ocular Disorders)
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11 pages, 1576 KB  
Article
Comparing Close-Field and Open-Field Autorefractometry and Subjective Refraction
by Veronica Noya-Padin, Noelia Nores-Palmas, Belen Sabucedo-Villamarin, Maria J. Giraldez, Eva Yebra-Pimentel and Hugo Pena-Verdeal
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(16), 5680; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165680 - 11 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1774
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Autorefractometers are valuable tools in clinical practice, but their accuracy is often questioned, especially in the pediatric population. This study aimed to compare refraction data from open-field and close-field autorefractometers and subjective refraction without using cycloplegia. Methods: A total of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Autorefractometers are valuable tools in clinical practice, but their accuracy is often questioned, especially in the pediatric population. This study aimed to compare refraction data from open-field and close-field autorefractometers and subjective refraction without using cycloplegia. Methods: A total of 50 eyes of 50 participants (19 males and 31 females, 11.8 ± 1.56 years) were evaluated. In a single visit, objective refraction was performed using NVision-K 5001 (open-field) and Visionix VX120 (close-field) autorefractometers, and subjective refraction using the fogging technique. Differences between procedures were assessed for sphere, spherical equivalent, and cylindrical vectors J0 and J45 using the Friedman test, followed by the post hoc Wilcoxon test as needed. Results: Significant differences were found in the sphere between the three procedures (all p ≤ 0.032). For the spherical equivalent, the Visionix VX120 differed significantly with the other two techniques (both p < 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found between NVision-K 5001 and subjective refraction (p = 0.193). Finally, no significant differences were observed for J0 and J45 vectors among the procedures (both p ≥ 0.166). Conclusions: There are certain discrepancies between autorefractometers and the subjective assessment of refractive error, most evident in measurements taken with the close-field device, possibly due to greater accommodative stimulation. However, in contexts such as visual screening or as a preliminary guide in the clinic, the values obtained by autorefractometry can provide useful information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Personalized Therapy and Clinical Outcomes for Myopia and Ocular Disorders)
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Review

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21 pages, 322 KB  
Review
Current and Emerging Strategies for Myopia Control in Children: A Comprehensive Evidence-Based Review
by Aldo Vagge, Matteo Baldi, Maria Musolino, Veronica Rivarone, Carlo Catti and Michele Iester
J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(4), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15041545 - 15 Feb 2026
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3967
Abstract
Myopia has emerged as a global public health crisis, with prevalence exceeding 80% in East Asian urban populations and rising rapidly worldwide. High myopia substantially increases the lifetime risk of sight-threatening complications, including myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and glaucoma. Multiple interventions have [...] Read more.
Myopia has emerged as a global public health crisis, with prevalence exceeding 80% in East Asian urban populations and rising rapidly worldwide. High myopia substantially increases the lifetime risk of sight-threatening complications, including myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, and glaucoma. Multiple interventions have been investigated to slow myopia progression in children. Behavioral strategies, particularly increased outdoor exposure, demonstrate protective effects against myopia onset and may modestly slow progression, whereas several historically used approaches show no clinically meaningful benefit. Spectacle lens interventions include simultaneous defocus designs (e.g., DIMS, HALT, CARE) and contrast-modulating diffusion optics (DOT) lenses; collectively, these technologies have demonstrated consistent and clinically meaningful reductions in axial elongation across randomized clinical trials. Contact lens modalities, including dual-focus soft lenses and orthokeratology, have also demonstrated substantial efficacy in slowing progression in controlled studies. Low-dose atropine remains a cornerstone pharmacological therapy, particularly at concentrations between 0.01% and 0.05%, offering significant efficacy with minimal side effects. Repeated low-level red-light therapy has shown promising short-term reductions in axial elongation, although long-term safety and rebound effects remain uncertain. Combination therapy targeting complementary optical and pharmacological pathways shows additive benefits, particularly in children inadequately controlled with monotherapy. Contemporary clinical management emphasizes risk stratification based on axial length, age-specific growth targets, and structured longitudinal monitoring. The goal of modern myopia management is not merely to slow progression, but to prevent high myopia and reduce the lifetime burden of vision-threatening complications through a proactive, individualized approach increasingly regarded as the standard of care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Personalized Therapy and Clinical Outcomes for Myopia and Ocular Disorders)
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