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The Current Trend in the Management of Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders

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A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 16863

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luís Eduardo Almeida

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Guest Editor

Surgical Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
Interests: temporomandibular joint; orthognathic surgery; immunohistochemistry; facial trauma; oral surgery
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to our upcoming Special Issue entitled "The Current Trend in the Management of Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders". Bruxism and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) present significant challenges for the dental and medical fields, impacting the quality of life of millions worldwide. The prevalence and severity of these conditions necessitate ongoing research to enhance understanding and treatment outcomes. This Special Issue aims to explore recent advancements and emerging trends in the management of bruxism and TMDs. It aligns closely with the scope of our journal, which focuses on dental and medical research aimed at improving patient care and outcomes. By compiling a comprehensive collection of articles, we seek to provide valuable insights and practical strategies to clinicians, researchers, and stakeholders in these fields. We aim to include a diverse range of contributions to ensure a robust and informative collection of articles, potentially culminating in a printed book form. We welcome original research articles and reviews covering various aspects of bruxism and TMD management. Possible themes include, but are not limited to, the following:

Etiology and pathophysiology of bruxism and TMDs;
Diagnostic techniques and tools;
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions;
Psychosocial aspects and patient management strategies;
Emerging technologies and innovative approaches.

We encourage submissions that contribute to advancing our understanding and improving clinical practice in this important area of dental and medical research.

We look forward to your valuable contributions to this Special Issue.

Dr. Luís Eduardo Almeida
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

bruxism
temporomandibular disorders (TMDs)
dental health
treatment modalities
diagnosis
clinical interventions

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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12 pages, 936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Malocclusion with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study

by David Faustino Ângelo, Maria Cristina Faria-Teixeira, Francesco Maffia, David Sanz, Marcella Sarkis, Rute Marques, Beatriz Mota, Ricardo São João and Henrique José Cardoso

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4909; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164909 - 20 Aug 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3163

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) encompass a range of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures. This cross-sectional study, conducted in a Portuguese TMD department, aimed to assess the relationship between malocclusion and TMD severity. Methods: Data on demographic variables, TMD clinical symptoms, and malocclusion classes were collected using the EUROTMJ database. The Chi-square test (χ²) identified associations, with their intensity measured by Cramér’s V (φc). Results: The study included 1170 patients (932 females and 238 males), with a mean age of 41.73 ± 16.80 years. Most patients exhibited Angle Class I malocclusion (85.5%), followed by Angle Class II (13.5%) and Angle Class III (1.1%). Class II malocclusion was associated with increased TMD severity (p < 0.001), higher myalgia levels (p = 0.002), more frequent disc displacement without reduction (p = 0.002) and lower maximum mouth opening values (Class II: 38.13 ± 7.78 mm, Class I: 39.93 ± 8.67 mm). Significant associations were also found between malocclusion type and arthralgia (p = 0.021), mouth-opening limitation (p = 0.016), and TMJ crepitus (p = 0.017). In cases of malocclusion, the presence of oral signs of bruxism explained the degree of myalgia, disc displacement, and severity (p = 0.003; p = 0.048; p = 0.045). Conclusions: This study highlights that (1) the most common type of dental malocclusion in TMD patients was Class I; (2) Class II malocclusion was associated with increased TMD severity and oral signs of bruxism; and (3) Class III was rarely observed in TMD consultation. The findings suggest that bruxism behavior in cases of malocclusion may be significant in TMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current Trend in the Management of Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders)

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14 pages, 2214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Method of Treatment of Mandibular Condylar Fractures on Range of Articular Path Measured by Cadiax Device

by Damian Niedzielski, Iwona Niedzielska, Daria Wziątek-Kuczmik, Maciej Kamiński, Stefan Baron and Sławomir Grzegorczyn

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3706; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133706 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1390

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of the treated temporomandibular joint based on the analysis of the image of the articular path using the Cadiax device depending on the choice of treatment method for unilateral condylar fracture of the mandible. Methods: Sixty patients who were treated for condylar fractures of the mandible at the Maxil-lofacial Surgery Department in Katowice were qualified for the analysis of the range of movements of the mandibular heads using the Cadiax device. From the group of patients who suffered fractures of the mandible, including condylar processes, patients were finally qualified for the measurement of the articular path of the injured and healthy joint according to strict criteria. Results: The condylar examination was performed in 20 patients who had conservative condylar fracture treatment and 40 patients who underwent various surgeries in the course of a single condylar fracture. The control group consisted of 20 patients whose mean values for the articular pathway measured for both sides were 12.73 and 12.69 and fell within the standard developed for healthy joints tested with the Cadiax device. Conclusions: We have achieved an almost ideal treatment for condylar fractures. We are also beginning to notice the need for rehabilitation of patients after this type of surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current Trend in the Management of Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders)

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25 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Evaluating Surgical Approaches for Hemimandibular Hyperplasia Associated with Osteochondroma: A Systematic Literature Review

by Luis Eduardo Almeida, Samuel Zammuto and Diego Fernando Lopez

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(22), 6988; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13226988 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1155

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hemimandibular hyperplasia (HH) associated with osteochondroma presents complex challenges in maxillofacial surgery, including facial asymmetry, occlusal instability, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction. Surgical interventions vary widely in approach and outcomes, underscoring the need for a systematic evaluation of effectiveness. This systematic review assesses the effectiveness of surgical approaches for managing HH associated with osteochondroma, focusing on techniques including condylectomy, orthognathic surgery, distraction osteogenesis, total joint replacement (TJR), and genioplasty. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published from 2000 to 2023. Eligibility criteria were based on the PICO framework, with primary outcomes evaluated for facial symmetry, occlusal correction, mandibular function, and recurrence rates. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool assessed study quality, while the GRADE framework evaluated the certainty of evidence. This review was not registered due to exclusion criteria for certain dental topics in PROSPERO. Results: Of 145 studies identified, 18 met inclusion criteria, totaling 214 patients. High and low condylectomy both effectively corrected asymmetry, with high condylectomy reducing recurrence risk but often requiring reconstruction. Orthognathic surgery, combined with condylectomy, significantly enhanced facial symmetry and occlusal function. Distraction osteogenesis proved valuable for mandibular lengthening in cases of severe deformities, while TJR offered definitive solutions for extensive joint involvement. Genioplasty corrected chin asymmetry, contributing to improved facial balance. Limitations included small sample sizes and variable follow-up durations. Conclusions: Surgical approaches tailored to individual patient needs show effectiveness in treating HH associated with osteochondroma, achieving functional and esthetic outcomes. Future studies should prioritize larger cohorts and standardized follow-up protocols to better assess long-term efficacy. Advances in 3D surgical planning and individualized treatment strategies show promise for optimized patient-specific care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current Trend in the Management of Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders)

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14 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessHypothesis

Intra-Articular Physiological Saline in Temporomandibular Disorders May Be a Treatment, Not a Placebo: A Hypothesis, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis

by Maciej Chęciński, Kamila Chęcińska, Katarzyna Cholewa-Kowalska, Kalina Romańczyk, Dariusz Chlubek and Maciej Sikora

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(21), 6613; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13216613 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1187

Abstract

Background: Intra-articular injections reduce pain in patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders who are unresponsive to conservative treatment. Hyaluronic acid, blood products, and medications provide rapid relief when administered this way, although their mechanisms of action remain unclear. In control groups, which are intended to be untreated, 0.9% NaCl is typically delivered. The hypothesis that “normal saline injections in TMJ cavities produce a therapeutic effect” is proposed, with an exploration of its potential verification, alongside a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on intra-TMJ 0.9% NaCl. Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on patients with TMJ internal derangement, arthritis, or degeneration were selected under PRISMA 2020 and assessed with RoB2. Results: Seven RCTs with 359 patients were included. Weekly follow-ups revealed a decrease in articular pain by 23.72% (SE: 0.84%; 95% CI: 24.38–21.06%; p < 0.01), and monthly follow-ups indicated a decrease of 34.01% (SE: 1.09%; 95% CI: 36.16–31.86%; p < 0.01) compared to the baseline values. These findings were grounded in low-risk-of-bias evidence on 267 patients in five RCTs and 222 patients in four RCTs, respectively. Conclusions: The hypothesis warrants further testing to determine whether, in addition to the known biological activity of typical injectables, the mechanical action also contributes to pain relief. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current Trend in the Management of Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders)

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30 pages, 2326 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Global Prevalence of Sleep Bruxism and Awake Bruxism in Pediatric and Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Grzegorz Zieliński, Agnieszka Pająk and Marcin Wójcicki

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(14), 4259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144259 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 9142

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the global prevalence of sleep bruxism and awake bruxism in pediatric and adult populations. Methods: This systematic review was conducted by analyzing studies published from 2003 to 2023. The following keyword combination was utilized: prevalence, epidemiology, population, and bruxism. The PubMed database was analyzed, supplemented by manual searches using the Google search. Additionally, the snowballing procedure method was applied. A double assessment of the quality of publications was carried out to preserve the highest possible quality of evidence (e.g., Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist). Analyses were conducted using the R statistical language. Results: The global bruxism (sleep and awake) prevalence is 22.22%. The global sleep bruxism prevalence is 21% and awake prevalence is 23%. The occurrence of sleep bruxism, based on polysomnography, was estimated at 43%. The highest prevalence of sleep bruxism was observed in North America at 31%, followed by South America at 23%, Europe at 21%, and Asia at 19%. The prevalence of awake bruxism was highest in South America at 30%, followed by Asia at 25% and Europe at 18%. Conclusions: One in four individuals may experience awake bruxism. Bruxism is a significant factor among women. It was observed that age is a significant factor for the occurrence of sleep bruxism in women. Among the limitations of the study is the lack of analysis of the prevalence of bruxism in Africa and Australia due to not collecting an adequate sample for analysis. The study was registered in the Open Science Framework (10.17605/OSF.IO/ZE786). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Current Trend in the Management of Bruxism and Temporomandibular Disorders)

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