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Allergic Rhinitis: Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment
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Allergic Rhinitis: Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Otolaryngology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 August 2023) | Viewed by 14941

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Zheng Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
Interests: allergen immunotherapy; allergic rhinitis; biomarkers; epidemiology; pathogenesis; prevention; treatment

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is caused by IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reactions to airborne allergens, and is one of the most common chronic airway diseases globally. AR represents a global public health problem and often co-occurs with asthma.

Notably, the prevalence of AR is increasing steadily. Environmental exposure in early life has been demonstrated to affect the development of AR; however, the underlying mechanisms remain clarified only to a limited extent. Recently, the identification of new immune cell subsets, inflammatory pathways, and epigenetic changes have shed a light on the pathogenesis of AR. Current therapeutic options for AR comprise education, allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, allergen immunotherapy (AIT), and surgery. Pharmacotherapy is the main treatment for AR; however, many patients respond poorly to pharmacotherapy. AIT is the only curative intervention that not only has disease-modifying properties but also prevents the progression of disease from AR to asthma. Nevertheless, to date there is a lack of validated biomarkers to predict the efficacy of AIT, and the mechanisms underlying AIT are not completely understood. Thus, there is an urgent need to inspire research on the epidemiology, prevention, clinical treatment, and management of patients with AR.

In this Special Issue, we aim to gather original cutting-edge research covering aspects of the epidemiology, prevention, and clinical treatment of AR. We welcome the submission of reviews, original research, and clinical trial articles that address the following topics:

  • Epidemiology of AR.
  • The birth cohort study of the development of AR and relevant diseases.
  • Genetics and epigenetics of AR and their interaction with environmental exposure.
  • Regulation of IgE production in allergic rhinitis.
  • The novel immune cells and pathways in AR.
  • The evidence-based prevention and treatment of AR.
  • Biologics for AR.
  • Biomarkers for allergen immunotherapy.
  • Mechanisms underlying allergen immunotherapy.

Prof. Dr. Zheng Liu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • allergen immunotherapy
  • allergic rhinitis
  • biomarkers
  • epidemiology
  • pathogenesis
  • prevention
  • treatment

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 217 KiB  
Editorial
Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: More Understanding, Better Patient Care
by Yang Liu and Zheng Liu
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(20), 6062; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206062 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2858
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a noninfectious inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by IgE after atopic individuals are exposed to inhaled allergens and involving a variety of immune cells and cytokines [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergic Rhinitis: Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment)

Research

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14 pages, 1612 KiB  
Article
Multimorbidity of Allergic Conditions in Urban Citizens of Southern China: A Real-World Cross-Sectional Study
by Ya-Ting Li, Ming-Hui Hou, Ya-Xin Lu, Pei-Ran Chen, Zhen-Yuan Dai, Li-Fen Yang, Ping-Ping Zhang, Guo-Wei Xiong, Zi-Feng Liu, Qi-Lin Zhou, Jing Su, Yun Cheng, Yu-Qi Zhou, Jin Tao, Xue-Kun Huang, Min Dai, Kun Zhang, Min Zhou, Qin-Tai Yang, Pei-Ying Feng and Zhuang-Gui Chenadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(6), 2226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12062226 - 13 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4631
Abstract
Background: Extensive knowledge of allergic multimorbidities is required to improve the management of allergic diseases with the industrialization of China. However, the demography and allergen distribution patterns of allergic multimorbidities in China remain unclear, despite the increasing prevalence of allergies. Methods: This was [...] Read more.
Background: Extensive knowledge of allergic multimorbidities is required to improve the management of allergic diseases with the industrialization of China. However, the demography and allergen distribution patterns of allergic multimorbidities in China remain unclear, despite the increasing prevalence of allergies. Methods: This was a real-world, cross-sectional study of 1273 outpatients diagnosed with one or more allergic diseases in Guangzhou, the most populated city of southern China, with leading industrial and commercial centers, between April 2021 and March 2022. Seven allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis (AR), asthma (AS)/cough variant asthma (CVA), atopic dermatitis (AD)/eczema, food allergy (FA), allergic conjunctivitis (AC), drug allergy (DA), and anaphylaxis) were assessed. Positive rates of sensitization to different allergens were measured using an allergen detection system of the UniCAP (Pharmacia Diagnostics, Sweden) instrument platform to compare the groups of allergic multimorbidities against a single entity. Results: There were 659 (51.8%) males and 614 (48.2%) females aged from 4 months to 74 years included in the analysis. The study participants who were diagnosed with allergic diseases had an average of 1.6 diagnoses. Overall, 46.5% (592 of 1273) of the patients had more than one allergic condition, and allergic rhinitis was the most common type of multimorbidity. Women were more likely to suffer from an allergic disease alone, whereas allergic multimorbidities were more likely to be diagnosed in men (p = 0.005). In addition, allergic multimorbidities were common in all age groups, with an incidence ranging from 37.1% to 57.4%, in which children and adolescents were more frequently diagnosed with allergic multimorbidities than adults (18–60 years old) (all p < 0.05). Allergic multimorbidity was observed throughout the year. A difference in the positive rate of allergens sensitization and total immunoglobulin E (tIgE) levels between different allergic multimorbidities was observed. Conclusions: Allergic multimorbidities were very commonly found in nearly half of all patients with allergies. The proportion of allergic multimorbidities varied with the type of disease, sex, age, and allergen distribution pattern. These findings may help clinicians to develop “One health” strategies for the clinical management of allergic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergic Rhinitis: Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment)
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10 pages, 904 KiB  
Article
Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Dental Malocclusion: An Otolaryngologic Perspective
by Shin Hyuk Yoo, Ji Hyeok Choi and Ji-Hun Mo
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(21), 6318; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216318 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1884
Abstract
Purpose: Allergic rhinitis (AR), which is a major cause of upper airway obstruction, may affect the development of the dental malocclusion. This retrospective study was aimed to investigate association between AR and dental malocclusion in otolaryngologic perspectives. Methods: Patients (n = 217) [...] Read more.
Purpose: Allergic rhinitis (AR), which is a major cause of upper airway obstruction, may affect the development of the dental malocclusion. This retrospective study was aimed to investigate association between AR and dental malocclusion in otolaryngologic perspectives. Methods: Patients (n = 217) referred to the otolaryngology department before initiating orthodontic treatment were recruited. The frequency and severity of AR symptoms, sinonasal outcome test (SNOT-22) scores, physical examination findings, acoustic rhinometry results, and treatment modalities were retrospectively assessed. Patients with positive skin prick test findings (SPT) (n = 173; orthodontic group) were compared with age- and sex-matched patients being treated for AR (AR group). Results: We found that 76.5% of the enrolled patients had subjective nasal symptoms, and 93.1% patients showed abnormal physical examination findings such as inferior turbinate hypertrophy (82.0%), adenotonsillar hypertrophy (31.8%), or deviated nasal septum (7.4%). The 173 (79.7%) patients with positive SPT results exhibited a significantly higher incidence of rhinorrhoea, sneezing, and inferior turbinate hypertrophy compared to those with negative SPT results. The proportion of patients who underwent pharmacological or surgical treatments was significantly higher among patients with nasal obstruction (92.0%) than among patients without nasal obstruction (36.9%). The frequency and mean visual analogue symptom scores for nasal obstruction, rhinorrhoea, and sneezing, as well as all SNOT-22 domain scores, were significantly higher in the AR group than in the orthodontic group. The minimal cross-sectional area measured with acoustic rhinometry showed no significant difference between groups. Conclusion: Patients with dental malocclusion had a high SPT (+) rate and a high prevalence of structural abnormalities of the upper airway. The early detection and treatment of subclinical AR, other rhinological problems, and structural abnormalities of the upper airway in patients with malocclusion may help us manage malocclusion from an otolaryngologic perspective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergic Rhinitis: Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment)
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13 pages, 723 KiB  
Article
A Questionnaire Survey on the Prevalence and Parents’ Perceptions of Respiratory Allergies in a 3- to 16-Year-Old Population in Wuhan, China
by Shuyan Guo, Yin Wang, Hao Chen, Nan Huang, Wenjing Li, Dongxia Ma, Yaqi Yang, Shuchen Zhang and Rongfei Zhu
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(16), 4864; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11164864 - 19 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2228
Abstract
(1) Background: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma has increased rapidly in China. However, perceptions of respiratory allergies and barriers to their management have not attracted enough attention. (2) Objective: To investigate the prevalence of, parents’ perceptions of and their unmet [...] Read more.
(1) Background: The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma has increased rapidly in China. However, perceptions of respiratory allergies and barriers to their management have not attracted enough attention. (2) Objective: To investigate the prevalence of, parents’ perceptions of and their unmet needs for information concerning respiratory allergies in a 3- to 16-year-old children population. (3) Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from June to July 2021 in three schools in Wuhan, China. A total of 1963 participants were recruited through cluster sampling for their parents to complete an online questionnaire regarding respiratory allergic symptoms. The diagnosis of respiratory allergies was based on self-reported symptoms and face-to-face physician evaluation. All the participants with respiratory allergies were asked to complete the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ), the Asthma Knowledge Questionnaire (AKQ) and a questionnaire regarding their unmet needs for disease management. (4) Results: The prevalence of respiratory allergies was 29.3% (576/1963) in the 3- to 16-year-old population, among whom AR accounted for 25.7%; asthma, 1.8% and AR-complicated asthma (AR&Asthma), 1.9%. The total B-IPQ score was 40.2 ± 10.9 in the participants with respiratory allergies, and there were no differences among the AR, asthma and AR&Asthma groups (all p > 0.05). The B-IPQ score correlated significantly with symptom onset time and a history of atopic dermatitis (p < 0.01). Nearly one fifth, 18.9%, of the participants with respiratory allergies never went to hospital for treatment, but those with higher B-IPQ scores were more likely to seek professional treatment (p < 0.001). The accuracy rates of AKQ were 72.5% in the participants with asthma and 76.7% in those without asthma (p = 0.147). Among the 576 participants with respiratory allergies, 568 (98.6%) had tried to obtain disease-management information from online platforms, and 55.5% (315/568) were dissatisfied with current platforms; the reasons included incomprehensive contents of illness (45.7%), lack of voice from leading experts (40.3%), too many advertisements (37.5%) and similar contents on different platforms (36.8%). (5) Conclusions: The prevalence of respiratory allergies is high in the 3- to 16-years old population in Wuhan, China. Yet the parents’ perceptions of respiratory allergies and knowledge of asthma are insufficient. It is crucial to increase parents’ awareness of the illness and facilitate their access to truly informative and professional platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergic Rhinitis: Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment)
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Other

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19 pages, 3988 KiB  
Systematic Review
Adverse Events for Monoclonal Antibodies in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
by Yuxi Lin, Weiqing Wang, Zhenzhen Zhu, Surita Aodeng, Lei Wang, Yuzhuo Liu, Jingjing Li, Yang Zha, Xiaowei Wang and Wei Lv
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(8), 2848; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12082848 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2287
Abstract
(1) Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease in otolaryngology and novel biological therapies are required for clinical needs. To assess the tolerability of monoclonal antibodies, justifying their clinical applications, we presented a comprehensive safety profile of biologics in AR; (2) Methods: [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease in otolaryngology and novel biological therapies are required for clinical needs. To assess the tolerability of monoclonal antibodies, justifying their clinical applications, we presented a comprehensive safety profile of biologics in AR; (2) Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines for randomized clinical trials comparing monoclonal antibodies and placebo in AR. PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane were searched up until 9 January 2023. Among 3590 records in total, 12 studies with more than 2600 patients were included. Quality was assessed for all studies using Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials, and subgrouped meta-analysis was performed; (3) Results: We accomplished an up-to-date literature overview and analysis on adverse events of monoclonal antibodies in AR. Total, common, severe, discontinuation-causing, and serious adverse events failed to reach statistical significance. Country was an essential factor for heterogeneity, and urticaria was the adverse event at highest risk (RR 2.81, 95% CI 0.79–9.95); (4) Conclusions: Monoclonal antibodies are considered well tolerated and relatively safe in patients with AR. The regions of patients and hypersensitive adverse reactions such as urticaria require a special caution in biological treatments in AR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Allergic Rhinitis: Epidemiology, Prevention and Clinical Treatment)
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