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Liquid Biopsies in Oral Cancer: Advances and New Perspectives

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2026 | Viewed by 302

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Liquid Biopsy Analysis Unit, Translational Medical Oncology Group (ONCOMET), Galician Public Foundation Health Research Institute of Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
2. Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, Medicine and Dentistry School, University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
3. Cancer Biology & Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
4. Medical Devices Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
Interests: liquid biopsy; salivary biomarkers; oral cancer; circulating biomarkers; HPV; precision oncology; microRNAs; DNA methylation; cell-free DNA; head and neck cancer
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oral cancer is a growing public health problem, with more than 389,000 new cases and 188,000 deaths annually worlwide. Despite advances in its diagnosis and treatment, the five-year survival rate has not yet improved and remains accurate in around 50% of cases, mainly due to high rates of late diagnosis and disease relapse. Further, there is an urgent need for accurate and non-invasive biomarkers to improve early detection and prognosis of oral cancer, as well as reliable predictive biomarkers that may enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes. Liquid biopsies have recently gained significant interest in the field of oncology due to their potential for early cancer detection, treatment selection, and disease monitoring. Liquid biopsy of blood and/or saliva has emerged as an atractive strategy for detecting and analyzing different biomarkers in oral cancer, including circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA)/circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free RNA (cfRNA), proteins, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) using genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, transcriptomic, microbiomic, or metabolomic approaches. Therefore, we invite you to contribute to this Special Issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine focused on the latest clinical, molecular, and technological research advances in liquid biopsies in oral cancer.

Original research, comprehensive reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses are welcome.

Dr. Óscar Rapado-González
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • oral cancer
  • oral potentially malignant disorders
  • liquid biopsies
  • saliva and blood biomarkers
  • circulating tumor cells (CTCs)
  • cell-free DNA (cfDNA)/circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)
  • cell-free RNA (cfRNA)
  • extracellular vesicles (EVs)
  • genetic and epigenetic biomarkers
  • early detection
  • prognosis and therapy response prediction
  • precision medicine

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

26 pages, 835 KB  
Review
Salivary and Serum Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers for HPV-Associated Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer: A Narrative Review
by Saman Warnakulasuriya and Shankargouda Patil
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7598; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217598 (registering DOI) - 26 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas have risen dramatically in incidence over recent decades. Yet, unlike cervical neoplasia, there is no established screening paradigm for HPV-driven oropharyngeal dysplasia, as precursor lesions are often occult and are not easily [...] Read more.
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas have risen dramatically in incidence over recent decades. Yet, unlike cervical neoplasia, there is no established screening paradigm for HPV-driven oropharyngeal dysplasia, as precursor lesions are often occult and are not easily accessible for examination. This drives an urgent need for non-invasive biomarkers to enable early detection, risk stratification, and timely intervention. Objective of this review is to highlight advances in liquid biopsy modalities, specifically saliva- and blood-based biomarkers—in the context of HPV-driven oral carcinogenesis—and to evaluate their utility in early cancer detection, prognostic, post-treatment surveillance, and recurrence monitoring. Methods: We performed a narrative review of PubMed-indexed studies (2015–2025) focusing on HPV-positive oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. and liquid biopsy analytes. Key sources were high-impact original studies and meta-analyses from 2020–2025 examining circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), viral nucleic acids, circulating tumor cells (CTCs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and related biomarkers in saliva and blood. Reported data on assay performance, biases, and validation were reviewed to highlight how oral cancer findings align with trends seen in other solid tumors. Results: In reviewing recent studies (2015–2025), we found consistent evidence that saliva best captures locoregional tumor signals while plasma circulating tumor HPV DNA (ctHPV DNA) reflects systemic disease, and that using both matrices improves detection over either alone. Dual-fluid testing will potentially enable earlier identification of molecular residual disease with clinically meaningful lead time before radiographic recurrence, supporting risk-adapted surveillance. Overall, literature favors standardized pre-analytics and combined saliva plus plasma workflows to enhance early detection and follow-up in HPV-positive oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Conclusions: Liquid biopsy approaches offer promising tools for the early, non-invasive detection and real-time monitoring of HPV-associated oral cancers. Realizing their full clinical potential will require robust prospective validation and standardization of pre-analytical protocols. Integrating salivary and blood biomarkers into tailored surveillance programs may further support earlier intervention and improved patient outcomes, while potentially reducing reliance on unnecessary invasive procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Biopsies in Oral Cancer: Advances and New Perspectives)
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