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Clinical Investigations into Diagnosing and Managing Strabismus
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Clinical Investigations into Diagnosing and Managing Strabismus

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2025 | Viewed by 1837

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mario Cantó Cerdán

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departments of Optometry, Vissum (Miranza Group), 03016 Alicante, Spain
Interests: refractive errors; ocular motility disorders; clinical ophthalmology; optometry and vision science; refractive surgery
Dr. Pilar Cacho-Martínez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
Interests: visual dysfunctions; binocular vision; visual rehabilitation; optometry; ophthalmology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The diagnosis and treatment of strabismus have been key areas of clinical research due to their significant impact on patients' quality of life. This Special Issue focuses on recent advancements in the field, emphasizing the use of new diagnostic and therapeutic technologies that aim to improve precision and efficacy in managing this condition. Topics include innovative diagnostic methods, ranging from advanced imaging techniques to portable devices, as well as therapeutic approaches, such as AI-assisted surgery and digital tools for visual rehabilitation. Submissions are encouraged that explore these areas, particularly those integrating emerging technologies, such as machine learning, augmented reality, and telemedicine. This issue aims to gather contributions highlighting how these technologies can optimize clinical outcomes and enhance understanding of the pathophysiology of strabismus.

Dr. Mario Cantó Cerdán
Dr. Pilar Cacho-Martínez
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • oculomotricity
  • binocular vision
  • strabismus
  • ocular motility disorders
  • exotropia
  • esotropia
  • video oculography
  • eye tracker
  • ocular deviation

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 1255 KB  
Article
Visual Function Characteristics in STXBP1 Epileptic Encephalopathy Patients
by Agnieszka Rosa, Dominika Nowakowska, Piotr Rosa, Justyna Simiera, Andrzej Gliniany, Michał Zawadka, Krzysztof Szczałuba, Lukasz Przyslo, Krystyna Szymańska, Piotr Loba, Maciej Gawęcki and Dorota Pojda-Wilczek
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 6840; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196840 - 26 Sep 2025
Abstract
Background: The goal of the study was to describe the visual function characteristics of children with developmental epileptic encephalopathy resulting from mutations in the STXBP1 gene. Methods: The study included 26 consecutive patients from the Polish STXBP1 population (11 male and [...] Read more.
Background: The goal of the study was to describe the visual function characteristics of children with developmental epileptic encephalopathy resulting from mutations in the STXBP1 gene. Methods: The study included 26 consecutive patients from the Polish STXBP1 population (11 male and 16 female; mean age: 7 years and 4 months; SD 4.03; range: 2–16 years) evaluated at a single center for strabismus and binocular vision. Data were obtained from medical records, including ophthalmological, neurological, and genetic information, as well as orthoptic and ophthalmological examinations performed in the clinic. Results: No major eye disorders were identified during the ophthalmological evaluation. The average prevalence of hyperopia was 76.9% (mean for OD, OS), with hyperopia above 4.25 D occurring in 17.3% (n = 4) of participants. Astigmatism was present in 96.2% of patients, with values ≥ 2.75 D in 27% (n = 7) of the group. The mean disc–foveal angle across all subjects was 7.23° ± 6.85° (range: −10.34° to 19.77°). Convergence was absent in 53.8% (n = 14) of patients. Mean accommodation responses equal to or higher than +1.0 D in any eye were noted in 90.5% of subjects. The mean accommodative/convergence (AC/A) ratio was 1.16 (SD 1.05; range: 0–3.3). Fusion was diagnosed using the 20 base-out prism test in 77% (n = 20) of patients, of which 85% (n = 17) had a positive response. Conclusions: This is the first study to comprehensively assess visual function in children with STXBP1 synaptopathy. Binocular vision development in individuals with STXBP1 differs from that of the general population. Considering the high prevalence of refractive errors, deficits in accommodation, and a low AC/A ratio, early visual diagnostics and the use of corrective eyewear are recommended in these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Investigations into Diagnosing and Managing Strabismus)
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11 pages, 770 KB  
Article
Management of Mechanical Strabismus After Complicated Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS)
by Katarzyna Pelińska, Justyna Simiera and Piotr Loba
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(10), 3360; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103360 - 12 May 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 837
Abstract
Objectives: Although considered a safe procedure, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) can cause various significant ophthalmic complications, i.e., serious extraocular muscle (EOM) damage. The aim of this study is to review the surgical management outcomes of patients with mechanical strabismus and diplopia as [...] Read more.
Objectives: Although considered a safe procedure, functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) can cause various significant ophthalmic complications, i.e., serious extraocular muscle (EOM) damage. The aim of this study is to review the surgical management outcomes of patients with mechanical strabismus and diplopia as a complication of FESS, who referred to ophthalmological department in Norbert Barlicki University Teaching Hospital No. 1 over the 5-year period from 2018 to 2023. Methods: The records of seven consecutive patients with diplopia following endoscopic sinus surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, ophthalmological and orthoptic examination, the results of orbital imaging, type of FESS, type of strabismic surgery, and the timing of the first intervention were analysed. Results: The time from FESS to referral for strabismic intervention varied from one day to two months. Two patients, who were operated upon immediately after the FESS procedure, underwent direct reunion of the proximal and distal parts of the ruptured medial rectus muscle. One patient required maxillofacial intervention in order to improve prominent enophthalmos. The remaining five demonstrated severe adhesion formation around at least one of the EOMs and orbital walls. Only patients who were operated upon within a short period after complicated FESS achieved orthotropia and lack of diplopia in the primary position with a single surgery. Conclusions: Early recognition of the orbital complications subsequent to FESS and prompt referral are essential for achieving a satisfactory surgical result. Appropriate treatment should be based on the mechanism, location, type, and severity of muscle damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Investigations into Diagnosing and Managing Strabismus)
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