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Biocompatible Materials for the Application to Medical Diagnoses and Therapeutics

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 15247

Special Issue Editors

Soft Materials Chemistry, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
Interests: biomaterials; polymer science; biointerface; tissue engineering; medical devices
Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, (Biomaterials Group), National Research Centre, 33El Bohouth St. (former EL Tahrir St.), Dokki, P.O. 12622 Giza, Egypt
Interests: drug delivery systems; biomaterials; tissue engineering; nanomaterials; hydrogels
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biomaterials is very prosperous field that introduces materials with different categorizations, synthetic or natural, for applications in human body. These materials can recover, regenerate, augment, deliver active molecules or treat a malfunction that is caused by various issues such as aging, illness, and accidents. The major concern for materials scientists who are designing biomaterials is to choose biocompatible materials, which is safely recognized by the human tissue and immune system to avoid potential rejection of these materials and ending with application failure. 

Medical diagnosis and therapeutic applications including bioimaging, biosensors, drug delivery systems, tissue regeneration and tissue engineering are greatly affected with degree of materials biocompatibility. In addition, several parameters are responsible for the materials biocompatibility like hydrophilicity, water content, chemical composition and some physical features such as particle diameter, surface area and particle charges. All these parameters are believed to direct the behavior of biomaterials during interfacing with human tissue along side with cell-materials interactions, protein adsorption and safety clearance.

Therefore, this special issue is devoted to highlight the biocompatibility of biomaterials as one of the major parameters that could help in widespread use of biomaterials in medical diagnosis and therapeutic applications.

Prof. Dr. Masaru Tanaka
Dr. Mostafa Mabrouk
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • organic
  • inorganic
  • composites
  • drug delivery systems
  • water states
  • biointerfaces
  • biocompatible
  • cell-material interactions
  • protein adsorption
  • tissue engineering
  • biosensors
  • bioimaging

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 16119 KiB  
Article
In-Vitro Catalytic and Antibacterial Potential of Green Synthesized CuO Nanoparticles against Prevalent Multiple Drug Resistant Bovine Mastitogen Staphylococcus aureus
by Anwar Ul-Hamid, Hatim Dafalla, Abbas Saeed Hakeem, Ali Haider and Muhammad Ikram
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(4), 2335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042335 - 20 Feb 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2286
Abstract
Nanoparticles prepared from bio-reduction agents are of keen interest to researchers around the globe due to their ability to mitigate the harmful effects of chemicals. In this regard, the present study aims to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by utilizing root extracts [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles prepared from bio-reduction agents are of keen interest to researchers around the globe due to their ability to mitigate the harmful effects of chemicals. In this regard, the present study aims to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by utilizing root extracts of ginger and garlic as reducing agents, followed by the characterization and evaluation of their antimicrobial properties against multiple drug resistant (MDR) S. aureus. In this study, UV-vis spectroscopy revealed a reduced degree of absorption with an increase in the extract amount present in CuO. The maximum absorbance for doped NPs was recorded around 250 nm accompanying redshift. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the monoclinic crystal phase of the particles. The fabricated NPs exhibited spherical shapes with dense agglomeration when examined with FE-SEM and TEM. The crystallite size measured by using XRD was found to be within a range of 23.38–46.64 nm for ginger-doped CuO and 26–56 nm for garlic-doped CuO. Green synthesized NPs of ginger demonstrated higher bactericidal tendencies against MDR S. aureus. At minimum and maximum concentrations of ginger-doped CuO NPs, substantial inhibition areas for MDR S. aureus were (2.05–3.80 mm) and (3.15–5.65 mm), and they were measured as (1.1–3.55 mm) and (1.25–4.45 mm) for garlic-doped NPs. Conventionally available CuO and crude aqueous extract (CAE) of ginger and garlic roots reduced MB in 12, 21, and 38 min, respectively, in comparison with an efficient (100%) reduction of dye in 1 min and 15 s for ginger and garlic doped CuO NPs. Full article
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18 pages, 8071 KiB  
Article
Using Graphene-Based Materials for Stiff and Strong Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels
by Helena P. Ferreira, Duarte Moura, Andreia T. Pereira, Patrícia C. Henriques, Cristina C. Barrias, Fernão D. Magalhães and Inês C. Gonçalves
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(4), 2312; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042312 - 19 Feb 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2461
Abstract
Blood-contacting devices are increasingly important for the management of cardiovascular diseases. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels represent one of the most explored hydrogels to date. However, they are mechanically weak, which prevents their use in load-bearing biomedical applications (e.g., vascular grafts, cardiac valves). Graphene [...] Read more.
Blood-contacting devices are increasingly important for the management of cardiovascular diseases. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels represent one of the most explored hydrogels to date. However, they are mechanically weak, which prevents their use in load-bearing biomedical applications (e.g., vascular grafts, cardiac valves). Graphene and its derivatives, which have outstanding mechanical properties, a very high specific surface area, and good compatibility with many polymer matrices, are promising candidates to solve this challenge. In this work, we propose the use of graphene-based materials as nanofillers for mechanical reinforcement of PEG hydrogels, and we obtain composites that are stiffer and stronger than, and as anti-adhesive as, neat PEG hydrogels. Results show that single-layer and few-layer graphene oxide can strengthen PEG hydrogels, increasing their stiffness up to 6-fold and their strength 14-fold upon incorporation of 4% w/v (40 mg/mL) graphene oxide. The composites are cytocompatible and remain anti-adhesive towards endothelial cells, human platelets and Staphylococcus aureus, similar to neat hydrogels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to report such an increase of the tensile properties of PEG hydrogels using graphene-based materials as fillers. This work paves the way for the exploitation of PEG hydrogels as a backbone material for load-bearing applications. Full article
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16 pages, 4400 KiB  
Article
Silicon–Gold Nanoparticles Affect Wharton’s Jelly Phenotype and Secretome during Tri-Lineage Differentiation
by Elena V. Svirshchevskaya, Nina V. Sharonova, Rimma A. Poltavtseva, Mariya V. Konovalova, Anton E. Efimov, Anton A. Popov, Svetlana V. Sizova, Daria O. Solovyeva, Ivan V. Bogdanov and Vladimir A. Oleinikov
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(4), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042134 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2182
Abstract
Multiple studies have demonstrated that various nanoparticles (NPs) stimulate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and inhibit adipogenic ones. The mechanisms of these effects are not determined. The aim of this paper was to estimate Wharton’s Jelly MSCs phenotype and humoral factor [...] Read more.
Multiple studies have demonstrated that various nanoparticles (NPs) stimulate osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and inhibit adipogenic ones. The mechanisms of these effects are not determined. The aim of this paper was to estimate Wharton’s Jelly MSCs phenotype and humoral factor production during tri-lineage differentiation per se and in the presence of silicon–gold NPs. Silicon (SiNPs), gold (AuNPs), and 10% Au-doped Si nanoparticles (SiAuNPs) were synthesized by laser ablation, characterized, and studied in MSC cultures before and during differentiation. Humoral factor production (n = 41) was analyzed by Luminex technology. NPs were nontoxic, did not induce ROS production, and stimulated G-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF, CXCL1 (GRO) production in four day MSC cultures. During MSC differentiation, all NPs stimulated CD13 and CD90 expression in osteogenic cultures. MSC differentiation resulted in a decrease in multiple humoral factor production to day 14 of incubation. NPs did not significantly affect the production in chondrogenic cultures and stimulated it in both osteogenic and adipogenic ones. The major difference in the protein production between osteogenic and adipogenic MSC cultures in the presence of NPs was VEGF level, which was unaffected in osteogenic cells and 4–9 times increased in adipogenic ones. The effects of NPs decreased in a row AuNPs > SiAuNPs > SiNPs. Taken collectively, high expression of CD13 and CD90 by MSCs and critical level of VEGF production can, at least, partially explain the stimulatory effect of NPs on MSC osteogenic differentiation. Full article
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14 pages, 3159 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effect of Co-Delivering Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline Hydrochloride for Promoted Wound Healing by Utilizing Coaxial PCL/Gelatin Nanofiber Membrane
by Mengxia Lin, Yuan Liu, Junwei Gao, Donghui Wang, Dan Xia, Chunyong Liang, Ning Li and Ruodan Xu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031895 - 08 Feb 2022
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 3215
Abstract
Combining multiple drugs or biologically active substances for wound healing could not only resist the formation of multidrug resistant pathogens, but also achieve better therapeutic effects. Herein, the hydrophobic fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) and the hydrophilic broad-spectrum antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) were introduced [...] Read more.
Combining multiple drugs or biologically active substances for wound healing could not only resist the formation of multidrug resistant pathogens, but also achieve better therapeutic effects. Herein, the hydrophobic fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) and the hydrophilic broad-spectrum antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) were introduced into the coaxial polycaprolactone/gelatin (PCL/GEL) nanofiber mat with CIP loaded into the PCL (core layer) and TH loaded into the GEL (shell layer), developing antibacterial wound dressing with the co-delivering of the two antibiotics (PCL-CIP/GEL-TH). The nanostructure, physical properties, drug release, antibacterial property, and in vitro cytotoxicity were investigated accordingly. The results revealed that the CIP shows a long-lasting release of five days, reaching the releasing rate of 80.71%, while the cumulative drug release of TH reached 83.51% with a rapid release behavior of 12 h. The in vitro antibacterial activity demonstrated that the coaxial nanofiber mesh possesses strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. In addition, the coaxial mats showed superior biocompatibility toward human skin fibroblast cells (hSFCs). This study indicates that the developed PCL-CIP/GEL-TH nanofiber membranes hold enormous potential as wound dressing materials. Full article
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25 pages, 7041 KiB  
Article
Computational Characterization of Mechanical, Hemodynamic, and Surface Interaction Conditions: Role of Protein Adsorption on the Regenerative Response of TEVGs
by Alejandra Riveros, Andres J. Garcia-Brand, Maria A. Rodriguez-Soto, Nestor Sandoval, Carolina Muñoz-Camargo, Juan C. Cruz and Juan C. Briceño
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031130 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2147
Abstract
Currently available small diameter vascular grafts (<6 mm) present several long-term limitations, which has prevented their full clinical implementation. Computational modeling and simulation emerge as tools to study and optimize the rational design of small diameter tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVG). This study [...] Read more.
Currently available small diameter vascular grafts (<6 mm) present several long-term limitations, which has prevented their full clinical implementation. Computational modeling and simulation emerge as tools to study and optimize the rational design of small diameter tissue engineered vascular grafts (TEVG). This study aims to model the correlation between mechanical-hemodynamic-biochemical variables on protein adsorption over TEVG and their regenerative potential. To understand mechanical-hemodynamic variables, two-way Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) computational models of novel TEVGs were developed in ANSYS Fluent 2019R3® and ANSYS Transient Structural® software. Experimental pulsatile pressure was included as an UDF into the models. TEVG mechanical properties were obtained from tensile strength tests, under the ISO7198:2016, for novel TEVGs. Subsequently, a kinetic model, linked to previously obtained velocity profiles, of the protein-surface interaction between albumin and fibrinogen, and the intima layer of the TEVGs, was implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3®. TEVG wall properties appear critical to understand flow and protein adsorption under hemodynamic stimuli. In addition, the kinetic model under flow conditions revealed that size and concentration are the main parameters to trigger protein adsorption on TEVGs. The computational models provide a robust platform to study multiparametrically the performance of TEVGs in terms of protein adsorption and their regenerative potential. Full article
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Review

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8 pages, 787 KiB  
Review
From Reparative Surgery to Regenerative Surgery: State of the Art of Porous Hydroxyapatite in Cranioplasty
by Ismail Zaed, Andrea Cardia and Roberto Stefini
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(10), 5434; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105434 - 13 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1672
Abstract
Decompressive craniectomy is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures, usually performed after neuropathological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), but also vascular accidents (strokes), erosive tumours, infections and other congenital abnormalities. This procedure is usually followed by the reconstruction of the [...] Read more.
Decompressive craniectomy is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures, usually performed after neuropathological disorders, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), but also vascular accidents (strokes), erosive tumours, infections and other congenital abnormalities. This procedure is usually followed by the reconstruction of the cranial vault, which is also known as cranioplasty (CP). The gold-standard material for the reconstruction process is the autologous bone of the patient. However, this is not always a feasible option for all patients. Several heterologous materials have been created in the last decades to overcome such limitation. One of the most prominent materials that started to be used in CP is porous hydroxyapatite. PHA is a bioceramic material from the calcium phosphate family. It is already widely used in other medical specialties and only recently in neurosurgery. In this narrative review of the literature, we summarize the evidence on the use of PHA for cranial reconstruction, highlighting the clinical properties and limitations. We also explain how this material contributed to changing the concept of cranial reconstruction from reparative to regenerative surgery. Full article
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