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Role of Adipose Tissue in Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2021) | Viewed by 26182

Special Issue Editor

Chiroptical Spectroscopy Research Group Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The adipose tissue has recently been recognized as a significant regulator of cardiovascular health and and one of critical factors interrelating  cardiovascular and obesity-related disorders. Among various subtypes of the adipose tissue, perivascular adipose tissue emerges as one of the key players in the vascular inflammatory response and a new target of untapped therapeutic potential. PVAT shows tremendous endocrine activity and can exert significant influence on the inner layers of the vascular wall. Additionally, PVAT is a highly heterogeneous tissue that has a potential toward a phenotype change, and hence, various PVAT depots respond differently in the progression of pathologies, showing that different phenotypes give rise to different cardiometabolic consequences. Therefore, this Special Issue aims at summarizing recent findings on the adipose tissue with an emphasis on PVAT to broaden our understanding of its role and impact in onset and progression of vascular pathologies.

Authors are invited to submit original research papers as well as review articles addressing the role of the adipose tissue, and in particular, perivascular adipose tissue in inflammation and development of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. In vitro and ex vivo animal studies are welcome. Topics include but are not limited to:

  • New techniques to study the adipose tissue with an emphasis on vibrational imaging and spectroscopy;
  • Heterogeneity of the adipose tissue and its depot-dependent response in pathology development;
  • Perivascular adipose tissue-endothelium cross-talk;
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting the adipose tissue.

Dr. Agnieszka Kaczor
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • adipose tissue
  • perivascular adipose tissue
  • inflammation
  • atherosclerosis
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • lipid metabolism
  • spectroscopy
  • imaging

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2044 KiB  
Article
Raman Study on Lipid Droplets in Hepatic Cells Co-Cultured with Fatty Acids
by Pradjna N. Paramitha, Riki Zakaria, Anisa Maryani, Yukako Kusaka, Bibin B. Andriana, Kosuke Hashimoto, Hiromitsu Nakazawa, Satoru Kato and Hidetoshi Sato
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7378; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147378 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2586
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate molecular compositions of lipid droplets changing in live hepatic cells stimulated with major fatty acids in the human body, i.e., palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. HepG2 cells were used as the model hepatic [...] Read more.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate molecular compositions of lipid droplets changing in live hepatic cells stimulated with major fatty acids in the human body, i.e., palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. HepG2 cells were used as the model hepatic cells. Morphological changes of lipid droplets were observed by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) during co-cultivation with fatty acids up to 5 days. The compositional changes in the fatty chains included in the lipid droplets were analyzed via Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics. The growth curves of the cells indicated that palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids induced cell death in HepG2 cells, but oleic acid did not. Microscopic observations suggested that the rates of fat accumulation were high for oleic and linoleic acids, but low for palmitic and stearic acids. Raman analysis indicated that linoleic fatty chains taken into the cells are modified into oleic fatty chains. These results suggest that the signaling pathway of cell death is independent of fat stimulations. Moreover, these results suggest that hepatic cells have a high affinity for linoleic acid, but linoleic acid induces cell death in these cells. This may be one of the causes of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Full article
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Review

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18 pages, 1369 KiB  
Review
Diabetes Mellitus and Its Metabolic Complications: The Role of Adipose Tissues
by Lowell Dilworth, Aldeam Facey and Felix Omoruyi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7644; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147644 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 10379
Abstract
Many approaches have been used in the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A recent paradigm shift has focused on the role of adipose tissues in the development and treatment of the disease. Brown adipose tissues (BAT) and white adipose tissues (WAT) [...] Read more.
Many approaches have been used in the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A recent paradigm shift has focused on the role of adipose tissues in the development and treatment of the disease. Brown adipose tissues (BAT) and white adipose tissues (WAT) are the two main types of adipose tissues with beige subsets more recently identified. They play key roles in communication and insulin sensitivity. However, WAT has been shown to contribute significantly to endocrine function. WAT produces hormones and cytokines, collectively called adipocytokines, such as leptin and adiponectin. These adipocytokines have been proven to vary in conditions, such as metabolic dysfunction, type 2 diabetes, or inflammation. The regulation of fat storage, energy metabolism, satiety, and insulin release are all features of adipose tissues. As such, they are indicators that may provide insights on the development of metabolic dysfunction or type 2 diabetes and can be considered routes for therapeutic considerations. The essential roles of adipocytokines vis-a-vis satiety, appetite, regulation of fat storage and energy, glucose tolerance, and insulin release, solidifies adipose tissue role in the development and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and the complications associated with the disease. Full article
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15 pages, 1097 KiB  
Review
Adipose-Derived Exosomes as Possible Players in the Development of Insulin Resistance
by Arkadiusz Żbikowski, Agnieszka Błachnio-Zabielska, Mauro Galli and Piotr Zabielski
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7427; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147427 - 11 Jul 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3328
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ involved in the management of energy metabolism via secretion of adipokines, hormones, and recently described secretory microvesicles, i.e., exosomes. Exosomes are rich in possible biologically active factors such as proteins, lipids, and RNA. The secretory function [...] Read more.
Adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ involved in the management of energy metabolism via secretion of adipokines, hormones, and recently described secretory microvesicles, i.e., exosomes. Exosomes are rich in possible biologically active factors such as proteins, lipids, and RNA. The secretory function of adipose tissue is affected by pathological processes. One of the most important of these is obesity, which triggers adipose tissue inflammation and adversely affects the release of beneficial adipokines. Both processes may lead to further AT dysfunction, contributing to changes in whole-body metabolism and, subsequently, to insulin resistance. According to recent data, changes within the production, release, and content of exosomes produced by AT may be essential to understand the role of adipose tissue in the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we summarize actual knowledge about the possible role of AT-derived exosomes in the development of insulin resistance, highlighting methodological challenges and potential gains resulting from exosome studies. Full article
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32 pages, 1857 KiB  
Review
Recent Update on the Molecular Mechanisms of Gonadal Steroids Action in Adipose Tissue
by Agata Wawrzkiewicz-Jałowiecka, Anna Lalik and Graça Soveral
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(10), 5226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105226 - 14 May 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5576
Abstract
The gonadal steroids, including androgens, estrogens and progestogens, are involved in the control of body fat distribution in humans. Nevertheless, not only the size and localization of the fat depots depend on the sex steroids levels, but they can also highly affect the [...] Read more.
The gonadal steroids, including androgens, estrogens and progestogens, are involved in the control of body fat distribution in humans. Nevertheless, not only the size and localization of the fat depots depend on the sex steroids levels, but they can also highly affect the functioning of adipose tissue. Namely, the gonadocorticoids can directly influence insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, fatty acid uptake and adipokine production. They may also alter energy balance and glucose homeostasis in adipocytes in an indirect way, e.g., by changing the expression level of aquaglyceroporins. This work presents the recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of how the gonadal steroids influence the functioning of adipose tissue leading to a set of detrimental metabolic consequences. Special attention is given here to highlighting the sexual dimorphism of adipocyte functioning in terms of health and disease. Particularly, we discuss the molecular background of metabolic disturbances occurring in consequence of hormonal imbalance which is characteristic of some common endocrinopathies such as the polycystic ovary syndrome. From this perspective, we highlight the potential drug targets and the active substances which can be used in personalized sex-specific management of metabolic diseases, in accord with the patient’s hormonal status. Full article
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15 pages, 2474 KiB  
Review
Cardio- and Neurometabolic Adipobiology: Consequences and Implications for Therapy
by Jan Frohlich, George N. Chaldakov and Manlio Vinciguerra
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(8), 4137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084137 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3623
Abstract
Studies over the past 30 years have revealed that adipose tissue is the major endocrine and paracrine organ of the human body. Arguably, adiopobiology has taken its reasonable place in studying obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is [...] Read more.
Studies over the past 30 years have revealed that adipose tissue is the major endocrine and paracrine organ of the human body. Arguably, adiopobiology has taken its reasonable place in studying obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is viewed herein as a neurometabolic disorder. The pathogenesis and therapy of these diseases are multiplex at basic, clinical and translational levels. Our present goal is to describe new developments in cardiometabolic and neurometabolic adipobiology. Accordingly, we focus on adipose- and/or skeletal muscle-derived signaling proteins (adipsin, adiponectin, nerve growth factor, brain-derived neuroptrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, irisin, sirtuins, Klotho, neprilysin, follistatin-like protein-1, meteorin-like (metrnl), as well as growth differentiation factor 11) as examples of metabotrophic factors (MTFs) implicated in the pathogenesis and therapy of obesity and related CMDs. We argue that these pathologies are MTF-deficient diseases. In 1993 the “vascular hypothesis of AD” was published and in the present review we propose the “vasculometabolic hypothesis of AD.” We discuss how MTFs could bridge CMDs and neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Greater insights on how to manage the MTF network would provide benefits to the quality of human life. Full article
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