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The Role of Macrophages in Inflammation and Cancer: An Update

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2026) | Viewed by 2258

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala (FES-I), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
Interests: immunology; macrophages; liver inflammation; parasites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Macrophages are cells of myeloid origin residing in virtually all parts of human body. To perform their important roles, macrophages can either be expanded by self-renewal progenitors positioned at strategic organs or be recruited from bone marrow or other macrophage pools. Therefore, macrophages are indeed subpopulations of distinct origin, which enable them to display a great variety of, often contrasting, functions, including immunosurveillance, tissue homeostasis and repair, promoters of inflammation, pathogen clearance, and pro- and anti-oncogenic roles. Thus, these cells are highly plastic, adapting themselves to the environment encountered, which in turn largely influences disease outcomes. The opportunity to manipulate macrophages has long been seen as a potential therapy; however, our understanding of macrophage immunobiology is incomplete, and research is required to update and spread the knowledge, which will ultimately allow us to treat diseases using macrophage-based approaches.

We are pleased to invite you to submit original research articles and reviews related to research areas such as (but not limited to) macrophage immunometabolism in cancer, immunosuppressive features displayed by macrophages in cancer, and macrophages as modulators of tumor-infiltrating immune cell types, altered signaling in macrophages during carcinogenesis, macrophage programs as cancer prognosis markers, and macrophages as sources of growth/angiogenic factor release.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. José Luis Reyes
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • macrophages
  • cancer
  • inflammation
  • cell therapy

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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19 pages, 3649 KB  
Review
TIM-3+ Macrophages: Insights into Their Role in Cancer and Inflammation
by Aleksandra Maksimova, Tamara Tyrinova and Elena Chernykh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(2), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27020840 - 14 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1058
Abstract
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), a well-known immune checkpoint molecule, is increasingly recognized for its regulatory functions beyond T cell exhaustion, particularly in macrophages. Recent advances have revealed the important role of this molecule in various pathological and physiological conditions. The [...] Read more.
T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), a well-known immune checkpoint molecule, is increasingly recognized for its regulatory functions beyond T cell exhaustion, particularly in macrophages. Recent advances have revealed the important role of this molecule in various pathological and physiological conditions. The demand for a comprehensive study of TIM-3 is increasing, particularly as a result of ongoing clinical trials targeting TIM-3 in oncology. This review is devoted to the role of TIM-3 in macrophage biology, focusing on associations between TIM-3 expression and macrophage polarization states and functional activity, as well as its involvement in the pathogenesis of different diseases and reproductive immunology. The review examines known effects and molecular mechanisms by which TIM-3 regulates macrophage functional phenotype and the contribution of TIM-3-expressing macrophages to cancer, pregnancy, inflammation, infectious and autoimmune diseases, and fibrosis. Findings highlight the controversial role of TIM-3 in the regulatory function of macrophages and suggest that TIM-3 functions differently depending on the context. The review also touches on gaps and unexplored parts of the topic. A summary of current data allows us to conclude that TIM-3 is an important modulator of macrophage functions and can be considered a potential therapeutic target in various pathological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Macrophages in Inflammation and Cancer: An Update)
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42 pages, 46138 KB  
Article
AI-Driven Secondary Immunomodulatory Effects of Conventional Drugs on Patient-Derived Macrophages
by Igor D. Zlotnikov, Alexander A. Vinogradov and Elena V. Kudryashova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(9), 3894; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093894 - 27 Apr 2026
Viewed by 659
Abstract
The secondary immunomodulatory effects of conventional therapeutics, such as antibiotics and cytostatics, are frequently overlooked despite their significant clinical implications. Building on our previous findings that drugs like paclitaxel and doxorubicin heavily influence macrophage polarization—potentially driving metastasis or inflammation—this study systematically evaluates the [...] Read more.
The secondary immunomodulatory effects of conventional therapeutics, such as antibiotics and cytostatics, are frequently overlooked despite their significant clinical implications. Building on our previous findings that drugs like paclitaxel and doxorubicin heavily influence macrophage polarization—potentially driving metastasis or inflammation—this study systematically evaluates the secondary immune-modulating actions of standard drugs and natural adjuvants. Using patient-derived bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (ex vivo alveolar macrophages), we developed an analytical platform using synthetic carbohydrate-functionalized fluorescent ligands targeting key receptors (CD206, CD209, CD280, CD301). Integrating ligand-binding profiles with Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) yielded quantitative immune-state vectors capable of differentiating favorable and unfavorable prognostic signatures and imbalanced immune states. Pro-filing samples across heterogeneous respiratory conditions revealed highly con-text-dependent responses. While some treatments synergistically corrected unfavorable imbalanced profiles, others provoked dysregulation. Notably, in pneumonia or bronchitis with an asthma-prone M2-dominant profile, specific antibiotic regimens are critical; doxycycline, for instance, may exacerbate patient deterioration by further driving M2a polarization. Crucially, we identified that natural adjuvants (e.g., curcumin, coumarins, polyphenols) exhibit potent properties capable of correcting these adverse secondary drug effects. Ultimately, this profiling platform highlights the necessity of evaluating patient-specific secondary drug effects, offering a functional blueprint for precision immunotherapy and the rational design of adjuvant-enhanced treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Macrophages in Inflammation and Cancer: An Update)
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