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Environmental Stress and Metabolic Responses in Plants

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Plant Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2025 | Viewed by 6471

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Guest Editor
Department of Plant Physiology and Metabolomics, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
Interests: abiotic stress; acclimation; climate change; oxidative stress; signalling
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

During the pandemic caused by the coronavirus, many people believed that pandemics were the most serious problems for humanity. However, what has still not been solved is the issue of food scarcity. Even today, most deaths worldwide are caused by malnutrition, and this cannot be solved with vaccines. Currently, the death rate from malnutrition is estimated to be more than 10 people every minute; therefore, continued fast increases in crop yields are required to feed the growing world population. Although the yields of many crop plants showed increasing trends in recent decades, the yields of the key crops have reached a plateau in recent years. Due to the abiotic stresses on plants (temperature stresses, drought, toxic metals, etc.), a global crop loss of almost 50-70% is expected. It is true that the cultivation area of some crop plants is also shifting towards the previously colder areas; climate change in most places is accompanied by increasing drought periods, an increase in the proportion of areas with high salinity, and the appearance of temperature extremes in an increasingly frequent and severe form. In addition to all this, climate change also increases the spread of pathogens, and pests are also appearing in more and more places. A significant part of the stress symptoms occurring in plants can be attributed to oxidative stress resulting from the excessive production of reactive oxygen species. Defence against them is especially important. However, results from recent years have shown in several cases that the appearance of some reactive oxygen forms in controlled amounts can have a good effect by serving as a signal for the initiation of some defensive processes. The understanding of these complex processes is still incomplete. In order to develop crop plants that cope with stress with lower damage, a better understanding of the molecular biological background of stress tolerance mechanisms is essential. We expect the papers appearing in this Special Issue to present the latest results related to the protective processes against reactive oxygen species and the operation of the related regulatory systems. Molecular techniques, which may help to detect the reactive oxygen species and the components of the antioxidant systems, are also in the scope of the present Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Tibor Janda
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • abiotic stress
  • acclimation
  • biotic stress
  • climate change
  • light stresses
  • oxidative stress
  • photoinhibition
  • redox regulation
  • signalling
  • stress alleviation
  • stress detection in plants

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3715 KiB  
Article
ANAC042 Regulates the Biosynthesis of Conserved- and Lineage-Specific Phytoalexins in Arabidopsis
by Ivan Monsalvo, Leonardo Parasecolo, Sarah Pullano, Jie Lin, Aida Shahabi, Melissa Ly, Hyejung Kwon, Khushi Mathur, Karl Angelo M. Rodrillo, Demian R. Ifa and Nik Kovinich
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(8), 3683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083683 - 13 Apr 2025
Viewed by 371
Abstract
Phytoalexins are specialized metabolites that are synthesized by plants in response to pathogens. A paradigm in transcription factor (TF) biology is that conserved TFs have dedicated roles across plant lineages in regulating specific branches of specialized metabolism. However, the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana [...] Read more.
Phytoalexins are specialized metabolites that are synthesized by plants in response to pathogens. A paradigm in transcription factor (TF) biology is that conserved TFs have dedicated roles across plant lineages in regulating specific branches of specialized metabolism. However, the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NAC family TF ANAC042 (a.k.a. JUNGBRUNNEN1 or JUB1) regulates the synthesis of camalexin, a Trp-derived phytoalexin specifically produced by several Brassicaceae species, whereas its homolog in soybean (Glycine max) regulates the synthesis of glyceollins, which are Phe-derived phytoalexins specific to soybean. The question addressed by this research is whether ANAC042 broadly regulates phytoalexin biosynthetic pathways in Arabidopsis. Using a novel matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (MALDI-HRMS) method, we found that the Arabidopsis loss-of-function mutant anac042–1 elicited with bacterial flagellin (Flg22) is deficient in lineage-specific Trp- and conserved Phe-derived phytoalexins—namely camalexin and 4-hydroxyindole-3-carbonyl nitrile (4OH-ICN), and pathogen-inducible monolignols and scopoletin, respectively. Overexpressing ANAC042 in the anac042-1 mutant restored or exceeded wildtype amounts of the metabolites. The expression of phytoalexin biosynthetic genes in mutant and overexpression lines mirrored the accumulation of metabolites. Yeast-one hybrid and promoter-reporter assays in Nicotiana benthamiana found that the ANAC042 protein directly binds and activates the promoters of CYP71B15, CYP71A12, and PAL1 genes for the synthesis of camalexin, 4OH-ICN, and pathogen-inducible monolignol/scopoletin, respectively. Our results demonstrate that ANAC042 regulates conserved and lineage-specific phytoalexin pathways in Arabidopsis. The latter suggests that it is an opportunistic TF that has coopted lineage-specific genes into phytoalexin metabolism, thus providing an exception to the current paradigm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Stress and Metabolic Responses in Plants)
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20 pages, 506 KiB  
Article
Effect of Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Indole-3-acetic Acid on Growth and Biochemical Properties of Vetiver Grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) Under Salinity Stress
by Negar Mosallanejad, Mehdi Zarei, Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei, Amir Ghaffar Shahriari, Afsaneh Mohkami and Tibor Janda
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073132 - 28 Mar 2025
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Salinity represents a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. In order to better understand the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the growth and chemical composition of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) under salt [...] Read more.
Salinity represents a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and productivity. In order to better understand the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the growth and chemical composition of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) under salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment included four NaCl levels (0, 8, 16, and 24 decisiemens per meter (dS/m)) and four levels of treatments (no amendment application, application of IAA, application of C. etunicatum, and interaction of IAA and C. etunicatum) with three replications. The results of the experiment showed that the addition of sodium chloride increased the concentration of proline and the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes. The application of the growth regulator (IAA) and C. etunicatum significantly increased the fresh and dry weight (101%) of shoots, dry weight of roots, and the concentration of macro- and micro-elements in shoots under salinity condition (99.82% phosphorus; 9.79% Iron). The application of mycorrhiza and auxin significantly reduced the concentration of proline and the activities of catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes. In general, the addition of IAA and C. etunicatum to roots under salt stress conditions can improve growth and increase the concentration of some nutrients in vetiver shoots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Stress and Metabolic Responses in Plants)
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18 pages, 6315 KiB  
Article
Calcium Enhances the Effectiveness of Melatonin in Improving Nutritional Properties of Soybean Sprouts and Germination Under Salt and Cadmium Stress
by Arjun Adhikari, Mahesh Sapkota, Raddella Nishani Savidya, Ajayi Tolulope Tosin, Muchanji Adam, Mohammad Naushad Alam, Eun-Hae Kwon, Sang-Mo Kang, Shifa Shaffique and In-Jung Lee
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26030878 - 21 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1739
Abstract
Salinity and cadmium exposure to agrarian land lowers crop yield and imposes toxicity in the food chain, ultimately affecting sustainable agriculture. Melatonin (Mel) and calcium (Ca) have been reported as potent regulators of plant growth and stress resistance. Based on this scenario, this [...] Read more.
Salinity and cadmium exposure to agrarian land lowers crop yield and imposes toxicity in the food chain, ultimately affecting sustainable agriculture. Melatonin (Mel) and calcium (Ca) have been reported as potent regulators of plant growth and stress resistance. Based on this scenario, this study investigated the sole and combined effects of Mel and Ca on improving the antioxidant properties, mineral content, germination of sprout, and stress tolerance of soybean seedlings under salt and cadmium (Cd) stress. Optimal doses of 20 µM Mel and 1 mM Ca were identified to enhance sprout quality and seed germination. Treatments with Mel > 20 µM inhibited germination, while the combination of Mel (20 µM) and Ca (1 mM) significantly improved germination, mineral content (Ca, P, K), and antioxidant properties, including DPPH(2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity, polyphenols, flavonoids, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. However, melatonin > 50 µM could completely cease the sprouting, whereas a Ca concentration of up to 10 mM was observed to be normal in sprouting. Additionally, this combination reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and enhanced the proline, indicating decreased oxidative stress in soybean seedlings under stress conditions. Among various treatments tested, the Mel-Ca combination was most effective in enhancing sprout biomass, antioxidant activity, and seed viability under Salt+Cd stress. These findings underscore the synergistic role of Ca in optimizing melatonin pretreatment for stress mitigation in soybean seeds and also address the precaution for a possible negative impact of melatonin effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Stress and Metabolic Responses in Plants)
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16 pages, 2997 KiB  
Article
GmARF15 Enhances the Resistance of Soybean to Phytophthora sojae by Promoting GmPT10d Expression in Response to Salicylic Acid Signalling
by Yuhan Huo, Haiyuan Chen, Zhuo Zhang, Yang Song, Siyan Liu, Piwu Wang and Sujie Fan
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(1), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26010191 - 29 Dec 2024
Viewed by 714
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) is a globally prevalent oomycete disease. The use of resistant cultivars is an effective and environmentally friendly strategy to manage this disease. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms [...] Read more.
Phytophthora root and stem rot caused by Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) is a globally prevalent oomycete disease. The use of resistant cultivars is an effective and environmentally friendly strategy to manage this disease. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of Glycine max (soybean) to P. sojae infection. In this study, we demonstrated that an isoflavonoid-specific prenyltransferase gene (GmPT10d, Glyma.10G070300) was significantly upregulated in the soybean cultivar Williams 82 with high resistance to P. sojae infection. Transgenic soybean seedlings overexpressing GmPT10d exhibited enhanced resistance to P. sojae, and those subjected to RNA interference showed increased susceptibility to the pathogen. Yeast-one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that GmARF15 could directly bind to the promoter of GmPT10d. Further analysis of the GmARF15 function showed that transgenic soybean seedlings overexpressing GmARF15 also exhibited enhanced resistance to P. sojae. Transactivation assay, luciferase assay, and qPCR analysis showed that GmARF15 could promote the expression of GmPT10d. Further analysis indicated that elevated salicylic acid levels were associated with increased expression of GmARF15 and GmPT10d. Taken together, these findings reveal a regulatory mechanism by which GmARF15 enhances soybean resistance to P. sojae, potentially by promoting the expression of GmPT10d through the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Stress and Metabolic Responses in Plants)
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Review

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16 pages, 1066 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Alkaline Stress on Plant Growth and Its Alkaline Resistance Mechanisms
by Shuo Yang, Yiqing Xu, Zhenzhong Tang, Shumei Jin and Shuang Yang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13719; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413719 - 23 Dec 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2919
Abstract
Alkaline stress can induce significant injury to plants, resulting in a range of negative effects, including ion toxicity, oxidative stress, and damage from high pH values. These stress factors can substantially affect normal plant growth and development, as well as yield and quality [...] Read more.
Alkaline stress can induce significant injury to plants, resulting in a range of negative effects, including ion toxicity, oxidative stress, and damage from high pH values. These stress factors can substantially affect normal plant growth and development, as well as yield and quality loss. To counteract alkaline stress, plants have developed a range of defense strategies, enabling them to adapt and thrive in challenging environments. These defense mechanisms operate at multiple levels such as morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular. The continuous advancement of genetic engineering has enabled significant breakthroughs in enhancing plant alkali resistance through human intervention. This research provides a scientific basis for crop production and ecological environment construction, and also promotes the effective development and utilization of saline-alkali lands, improving the sustainability of agricultural production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Stress and Metabolic Responses in Plants)
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