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Hormone Replacement Therapy

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2025 | Viewed by 1437

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
Interests: nanodrugs; transdermal hormones; confocal raman spectroscopy; clinical trials; drug delivery

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Guest Editor
Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Interests: chronic venous disease; clinical management; metabolomics; biochemistry; degradomics; inflammation; venous leg ulcer; healing; non-healing; diagnosis; therapy; endothelium; hemodynamics
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), a cornerstone in the management of hormonal imbalances, has undergone remarkable advancements at the molecular level. With an evolving understanding of endocrine signaling pathways and the intricate interplay between hormones, receptors, and downstream effectors, HRT strategies are becoming increasingly precise and individualized. This Special Issue therefore aims to explore the latest molecular insights driving the development of HRT, encompassing themes such as gene expression modulation by hormones, epigenetic regulation in hormone-responsive tissues, and the role of non-coding RNAs in hormonal homeostasis. Emerging frontiers encompass personalized HRT regimens based on genomic profiling, innovative drug delivery systems targeting specific hormone receptors, and the integration of HRT with precision medicine. We invite submissions that delve into these and related aspects, showcasing novel discoveries, clinical applications, and ethical considerations surrounding HRT at the molecular frontier. Contributions should provide a fresh perspective, advancing the field and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations.

Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio Botelho
Dr. Raouf A. Khalil
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • hormone replacement therapy
  • molecular insights
  • endocrine signaling
  • precision medicine
  • gene expression
  • epigenetics
  • non-coding RNAs
  • personalized regimens

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

62 pages, 4346 KiB  
Review
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Health in Postmenopausal Women
by Wenhan Xia and Raouf A. Khalil
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115078 - 24 May 2025
Viewed by 1138
Abstract
Sex-related differences are found not only in the reproductive system but also across various biological systems, such as the cardiovascular system. Compared with premenopausal women, cardiovascular disease (CVD) tends to occur more frequently in adult men and postmenopausal women (Post-MW). Also, during the [...] Read more.
Sex-related differences are found not only in the reproductive system but also across various biological systems, such as the cardiovascular system. Compared with premenopausal women, cardiovascular disease (CVD) tends to occur more frequently in adult men and postmenopausal women (Post-MW). Also, during the reproductive years, sex hormones synthesized and released into the blood stream affect vascular function in a sex-dependent fashion. Estrogen (E2) interacts with estrogen receptors (ERs) in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle, and the extracellular matrix, causing both genomic and non-genomic effects, including vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, and cardiovascular protection. These observations have suggested beneficial effects of female sex hormones on cardiovascular function. In addition, the clear advantages of E2 supplementation in alleviating vasomotor symptoms during menopause have led to clinical investigations of the effects of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in CVD. However, the findings from these clinical trials have been variable and often contradictory. The lack of benefits of MHT in CVD has been related to the MHT preparation (type, dose, and route), vascular ERs (number, variants, distribution, and sensitivity), menopausal stage (MHT timing, initiation, and duration), hormonal environment (progesterone, testosterone (T), gonadotropins, and sex hormone binding globulin), and preexisting cardiovascular health and other disorders. The vascular effects of sex hormones have also prompted further examination of the use of anabolic drugs among athletes and the long-term effects of E2 and T supplements on cardiovascular health in cis- and transgender individuals seeking gender-affirming therapy. Further analysis of the effects of sex hormones and their receptors on vascular function should enhance our understanding of the sex differences and menopause-related changes in vascular signaling and provide better guidance for the management of CVD in a gender-specific fashion and in Post-MW. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hormone Replacement Therapy)
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