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Antivenom Development with Non-biological Agents and Approaches

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 1170

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Envenomation by snakes is a global issue, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in millions of people annually. While traditional antivenom treatment is available in developed countries, there is a large unmet need for such therapy worldwide. Lastly, not all snake venoms have antivenoms manufactured due to rairity of the snake or economic state of the environment where envenomation occurs.

Of interest, the concept of antivenoms that are not snake species specific, but instead are venom enzyme specific has lead to promising new antivenoms that are inorganic or not antibody based to emerge. Such compounds include specific phospholipase A2 inhibitors, ruthenium containing compounds, and various gold and silver nanoparticles. Also of interest, the diversification of delivery of such antivenoms may be critical, with both site-directed (e.g., administration into the bite site) and systemic treatment possible. This special issue invites submissions of manuscripts describing the composition, mechanisms of action, and efficacy of this new class of antivenoms. The submissions may be original works that describe in vitro, in vivo, or in silico interactions of the antivenoms with venoms or venom enzymes. Reviews of such antivenoms are also welcome.

Prof. Dr. Vance G. Nielsen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • snake venom
  • antivenom
  • inorganic compounds
  • chelators
  • ruthenium
  • gold nanoparticles
  • silver nanoparticles
  • metalloproteinase inhibitors
  • serine protease inhibitors
  • phospholipase A2 inhibitors
  • neurotoxins

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

17 pages, 3123 KiB  
Article
Novel Toxicodynamic Model of Subcutaneous Envenomation to Characterize Snake Venom Coagulopathies and Assess the Efficacy of Site-Directed Inorganic Antivenoms
by Vance G. Nielsen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(18), 13939; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813939 - 11 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 968
Abstract
Venomous snake bite adversely affects millions of people yearly, but few animal models allow for the determination of toxicodynamic timelines with hemotoxic venoms to characterize the onset and severity of coagulopathy or assess novel, site-directed antivenom strategies. Thus, the goals of this investigation [...] Read more.
Venomous snake bite adversely affects millions of people yearly, but few animal models allow for the determination of toxicodynamic timelines with hemotoxic venoms to characterize the onset and severity of coagulopathy or assess novel, site-directed antivenom strategies. Thus, the goals of this investigation were to create a rabbit model of subcutaneous envenomation to assess venom toxicodynamics and efficacy of ruthenium-based antivenom administration. New Zealand White rabbits were sedated with midazolam via the ear vein and had viscoelastic measurements of whole blood and/or plasmatic coagulation kinetics obtained from ear artery samples. Venoms derived from Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, Bothrops moojeni, or Calloselasma rhodostoma were injected subcutaneously, and changes in coagulation were determined over three hours and compared to samples obtained prior to envenomation. Other rabbits had ruthenium-based antivenoms injected five minutes after venom injection. Viscoelastic analyses demonstrated diverse toxicodynamic patterns of coagulopathy consistent with the molecular composition of the proteomes of the venoms tested. The antivenoms tested attenuated venom-mediated coagulopathy. A novel rabbit model can be used to characterize the onset and severity of envenomation by diverse proteomes and to assess site-directed antivenoms. Future investigation is planned involving other medically important venoms and antivenom development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antivenom Development with Non-biological Agents and Approaches)
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