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Neuroinflammation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy

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Dear Colleagues,

Despite the intricate network of molecular mechanisms underpinning neuroinflammation, we are progressively gaining an increasing and deeper understanding of the multifarious inflammatory signaling pathways with a critical role in disease, resulting in the potential enhancement of targeted treatment options. In this context, this Special Issue will present the recent advances from different research perspectives (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies) on (1) molecular and cellular targets affecting neuroinflammation and the major inflammatory signaling pathways related to disease. Potential topics can include (but are not limited to) microglia as key cellular mediators of neuroinflammatory processes; NLRP3 inflammasomes; the kynurenine pathway; endocannabinoids; (2) emerging targeted treatment strategies from clinical medicines to natural products which are under development as potentially effective in the treatment of disease by modulating neuroinflammation at different biological levels.

Dr. Silvia Alboni
Dr. Miriam Ciani
Guest Editors

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35 pages, 2320 KB

Open AccessReview

Thermodynamic Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation: Nanothermometry, Energy–Stress Dynamics, and Predictive Entropy in Glial–Vascular Networks

by Valentin Titus Grigorean, Adrian Vasile Dumitru, Catalina-Ioana Tataru, Matei Serban, Alexandru Vlad Ciurea, Octavian Munteanu, Mugurel Petrinel Radoi, Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc, Ariana-Stefana Cosac and George Pariza

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211022 - 14 Nov 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1552

Abstract

Homeostasis, which supports and maintains brain function, results from the continuous regulation of thermodynamics within tissue: the balance of heat production, redox oscillations, and vascular convection regulates coherent energy flow within the organ. Neuroinflammation disturbs this balance, creating measurable entropy gradients that precede structural damage to its tissue components. This paper proposes that a thermodynamic unity can be devised that incorporates nanoscale physics, energetic neurophysiology, and systems neuroscience, and can be used to understand and treat neuroinflammatory processes. Using multifactorial modalities such as quantum thermometry, nanoscale calorimetry, and redox oscillometry we define how local entropy production (s_t), relaxation time (τ^R), and coherence lengths (λc) allow quantification of the progressive loss of energetic symmetry within neural tissues. It is these variables that provide the basis for the etiology of thermodynamic biomarkers which on a molecular-redox-to-network scale characterize the transitions governing the onset of the neuroinflammatory process as well as the recovery potential of the organism. The entropic probing of systems (PEP) further allows the translation of these parameters into dynamic patient-specific trajectories that model the behavior of individuals by predicting recurrent bouts of instability through the application of machine learning algorithms to the vectors of entropy flux. The parallel development of the nanothermodynamic intervention, which includes thermoplasmonic heat rebalancing, catalytic redox nanoreacting systems, and adaptive field-oscillation synchronicity, shows by example how the corrections that can be applied to the entropy balance of the cell and system as a whole offer a feasible form of restoration of energy coherence. Such closed loop therapy would not function by the suppression of inflammatory signaling, but rather by the re-establishment of reversible energy relations between mitochondrial, glial, and vascular territories. The combination of these factors allows for correction of neuroinflammation, which can now be viewed from a fresh perspective as a dynamic phase disorder that is diagnosable, predictable, and curable through the physics of coherence rather than the molecular suppression of inflammatory signaling. The significance of this set of ideas is considerable as it introduces a feasible and verifiable structure to what must ultimately become the basis of a new branch of science: predictive energetic medicine. It is anticipated that entropy, as a measurable and modifiable variable in therapeutic “inscription”, will be found to be one of the most significant parameters determining the neurorestoration potential in future medical science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroinflammation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapy)

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