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Advances in Targeting Macrophages in Immunotherapy

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2025) | Viewed by 10803

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
Interests: macrophages; infection; inflammation; immunity; inflammasomes; inflammatory cell death; cancer immunotherapy; radiation; extracellular vesicles; liposomes; polymer nanocapsules; skin biology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Macrophages are vital effector cells of the innate immune system and are also major components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Mounting evidence has demonstrated that the TME alters the nature of macrophages so that they can maintain vibrant tissue homeostasis, dictating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to orchestrate tumorigenesis via augmenting conditions, favoring tumor establishment, development, and metastasis. TAMs also express a variety of immune checkpoints, leading towards suppressing antitumor immune responses. This makes tumors with a high TAM burden have poor prognoses and increased resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and other treatment modalities. Therefore, exploring tumor-promoting mechanisms of TAMs has attracted much attention, and targeting TAMs has emerged as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy.

In recent years, unprecedented breakthroughs have been made in cancer immunotherapies and have achieved undeniable success, providing evidence that these macrophage-centered therapeutic approaches have the potential to complement and synergize with the currently available tools in the oncology armamentarium. This Special Issue invites research articles and reviews focused on advancing our knowledge and broadening our understanding of TAM-directed treatment modalities.

Research areas may include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Macrophage engineering and genetic editing;
  • Strategies engaged towards effective bidirectional interactions with components of innate and adaptive systems;
  • Strategies to improve clinical response rates in patients;
  • Strategies aiming at improving immune checkpoint therapies;
  • Studies focused on chimeric antigen macrophage (CAR-M) for patients with solid tumors;
  • Strategies focused on altering macrophage metabolism;
  • Nanomaterial-based strategies for TAM-focused immunotherapy.

Dr. Vinod Nadella
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • tumor-associated macrophages
  • tumor microenvironment
  • tumor immunology
  • carcinogenesis
  • macrophage repolarization
  • checkpoint inhibitor
  • immunotherapy
  • nanomaterials
  • metabolic reprogramming
  • epigenetics

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 37802 KB  
Article
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Monocyte-Derived Interstitial Macrophages with a Pro-Fibrotic Phenotype in Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis
by Shunli Wang, Jie Li, Caixia Wu, Zhengyao Lei, Tong Wang, Xinxin Huang, Suxia Zhang, Yuting Liu, Xiaohan Bi, Fanshuo Zheng, Xuyou Zhu, Ziling Huang and Xianghua Yi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(21), 11669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111669 - 30 Oct 2024
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7352
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease with limited effective therapies. Interstitial macrophages (IMs), especially those derived from monocytes, play an unknown role in IPF pathogenesis. By using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse lungs were analyzed [...] Read more.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive lung disease with limited effective therapies. Interstitial macrophages (IMs), especially those derived from monocytes, play an unknown role in IPF pathogenesis. By using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse lungs were analyzed to characterize the cellular landscape and heterogeneity of macrophages in this model. scRNA-seq was used to identify distinct interstitial macrophage subpopulations in fibrotic lungs, with monocyte-derived macrophages exhibiting a pro-fibrotic gene expression profile enriched in wound healing, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and pro-fibrotic cytokine production functions. A pseudotime analysis revealed that IMs originated from monocytes and differentiated along a specific trajectory. A cell–cell communication analysis demonstrated strong interactions between monocyte-derived interstitial macrophages (Mo-IMs) and fibroblasts through the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathways. Flow cytometry validated the presence and expansion of Mo-IMs subpopulations in BLM-treated mice. This study reveals the cellular heterogeneity and developmental trajectory of lung macrophages in early BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis, highlighting the crucial role of Mo-IMs with a pro-fibrotic phenotype in IPF pathogenesis via interactions with fibroblasts. Targeting these specific macrophage subpopulations and associated signaling pathways may provide novel therapeutic strategies for IPF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Targeting Macrophages in Immunotherapy)
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Review

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16 pages, 1334 KB  
Review
Targeting Macrophages in Immunotherapy: The Ascent of CAR-Macrophages
by Vinod Nadella and Anu Sharma
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031292 - 28 Jan 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1582
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered immune cell therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, with CAR-T cells demonstrating remarkable efficacy against hematological malignancies. However, the effectiveness of CAR-T and other lymphocyte-based therapies against solid tumors remains limited, primarily due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and poor [...] Read more.
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered immune cell therapies have revolutionized cancer treatment, with CAR-T cells demonstrating remarkable efficacy against hematological malignancies. However, the effectiveness of CAR-T and other lymphocyte-based therapies against solid tumors remains limited, primarily due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and poor infiltration of effector cells. Recently, CAR-macrophage (CAR-M) immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these barriers. Leveraging the innate tumor-homing ability, phagocytic function, and antigen-presenting capacity of macrophages, CAR-M therapies offer unique advantages for targeting solid tumors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development and current state of CAR-Macrophage immunotherapy, including advances in CAR design and macrophage engineering, preclinical and clinical progress, and mechanistic insights into their anti-tumor activity. The review critically examined both the benefits and limitations of CAR-M approaches, addressing persistent challenges such as cell sourcing, durability, and safety, while also exploring innovative strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Finally, future perspectives and the potential clinical impact of CAR-macrophage therapies were outlined, underscoring their emerging role in the evolving landscape of cancer immunotherapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Targeting Macrophages in Immunotherapy)
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