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Latest Advances in Diabetes Research and Practice
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Latest Advances in Diabetes Research and Practice

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2025) | Viewed by 6340

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Ezekiel Uba Nwose

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
Interests: diabetes mellitus; cardiovascular risk; metabolic syndrome; antioxidants; oxidative stress; diabetes self-management; cardiology; hypertension; insulin resistance; atherosclerosis; antiplatelet monitoring; preventive medicine; primary healthcare; community health; rural health; health promotion; evidence-based medicine; health economics; laboratory medicine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diabetes mellitus has been a public health issues over the decades and continues to constitute clinical management challenges despite the growing research. The cardiovascular risk, and indeed related components of metabolic syndrome continue to confound both research and practice, such that the concept of diabetes self-management (DSM) has remained a subject of research elucidation. However, some success have been achieved in research and practice, including explications of:

  • Development: Oxidative stress and role of antioxidants at the molecular level
  • Progression: Cardiovascular risk and complications involving molecular and cellular basis
  • Management: Preventive medicines such as antiplatelet therapy and DSM
  • Monitoring: Role of laboratory medicine
  • Translation: applications in accessible and affordable pathology services

Giving cognizance to the above 5-themes, this special issue is inviting articles that provides updates or expands on latest advances in diabetes research and practice. Data on molecular mechanisms or pathophysiology are essential, and articles that expands on molecular science, laboratory medicine, or clinical practice will be very highly welcomed. The following types of articles can be submitted.

  1. Traditional narrative review of latest advances that follows the SANRA principles
  2. Systematic review that generates empirical and/or thematic summaries of latest advances
  3. Original research articles on molecular science, laboratory medicine, or clinical practice

Dr. Ezekiel Uba Nwose
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • diabetes mellitus
  • cardiovascular risk
  • metabolic syndrome
  • antioxidants
  • oxidative stress
  • antiplatelet monitoring
  • evidence-based medicine
  • laboratory medicine

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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31 pages, 2218 KB  
Article
Plasma GLP-1 (Glucagon-like Peptide-1) Depletion Is Correlated with Dysregulation of Adipocytokine in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With or Without Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Cross-Sectional Study Related to Gender-Sex Disparities
by Zoubiri Houda, Saiah Wassila, Otmane Amel, Saidi Hamza, Makrelouf Mohamed, Aitabderrhmane Samir, Haddam Ali El Mahdi and Koceir Elhadj-Ahmed
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031218 - 26 Jan 2026
Abstract
The triad association among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and incretin secretion dysfunction, including GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) secretion dysfunction, maintains a critical cardiovascular risk and liver-related mortality. The aim of this study is to establish interactions between [...] Read more.
The triad association among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and incretin secretion dysfunction, including GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) secretion dysfunction, maintains a critical cardiovascular risk and liver-related mortality. The aim of this study is to establish interactions between the GLP-1 plasma levels and metabolic syndrome clusters and adipokines profile (leptin, adiponectin, resistin) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, IL1β, IL-17) in diabetic subjects with or without MAFLD. The data revealed that insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is present in all groups. MAFLD is more common in men than in women. The average FLI score in group IV was ≥70, confirming the diagnosis of MAFLD. The disorder of GLP-1 secretion is more pronounced in women than in men. HOMA-IR is negatively associated with plasma GLP-1 depletion in the MAFLD, T2DM, and MAFLD + T2DM groups. Adiponectin levels are decreased in all groups, as for GLP-1. In contrast, leptin, resistin, TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-17 levels show an inverse correlation with GLP-1. GLP-1 accurately reflects metabolic and inflammatory status in subjects with MAFLD, T2DM, and diabetes—steatosis. The applied multivariate linear regression model confirms a highly significant association between MAFLD and GLP-1. It appears that plasma GLP-1 can be considered as biomarker in MAFLD and T2DM related to sex-gender disparities. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm these data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Diabetes Research and Practice)
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14 pages, 277 KB  
Article
Seasonal Variations in Estimated Whole Blood Viscosity Associated with HbA1c: Evidence from Retrospective Pathology Review for Diabetes Management
by Jovita I. Mbah, Phillip T. Bwititi, Lin K. Ong, Prajwal Gyawali and Ezekiel U. Nwose
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010368 - 29 Dec 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
Elevation in the level of whole blood viscosity (WBV) is a known contributor to cardiovascular risk. Moreover, cardiovascular diseases are associated with seasonal variation and the potential impact of seasonal changes on blood viscosity, and associated biomolecules pose substantial cardiovascular risk and are [...] Read more.
Elevation in the level of whole blood viscosity (WBV) is a known contributor to cardiovascular risk. Moreover, cardiovascular diseases are associated with seasonal variation and the potential impact of seasonal changes on blood viscosity, and associated biomolecules pose substantial cardiovascular risk and are therefore a subject of interest. To evaluate the effect of seasonal changes on whole blood viscosity, glycated haemoglobin and associated biomolecules, namely haematocrit and serum total protein, and their implications on management of diabetic cardiovascular risk are explored. This was a clinical laboratory retrospective observational study involving 10-year pathology data (1999–2008) which estimated whole blood viscosity (eWBV) and the associated biomolecules, namely haematocrit and serum total protein. Comparisons were made between seasonal changes and glycated haemoglobin, whole blood viscosity, haematocrit, and serum total protein levels. Whole blood viscosity, haematocrit, and serum total protein levels increased with colder seasons (p < 0.001), peaking in the winter. However, the seasonal variation in the level of glycated haemoglobin did not achieve statistical significance. Blood viscosity fluctuates between seasons, with peaks occurring in the winter season. This fluctuation will assist in adjusting monitoring and treatment strategies of diabetic risks seasonally. In addition, recognition of seasonal variations will help in precise risk assessment of timely interventions to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular events in diabetes management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Diabetes Research and Practice)
13 pages, 411 KB  
Article
Circulating Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Is Associated with Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
by Yu-Cheng Cheng, Wei-Chang Huang, Yu-Hsuan Li, Shin-Shin Liu, Meei-Ling Sheu and I-Te Lee
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5384; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115384 - 4 Jun 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1120
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to examine the relationship between serum levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and LTBI in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, patients with type 2 diabetes [...] Read more.
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to examine the relationship between serum levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and LTBI in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional study, patients with type 2 diabetes were screened for LTBI using the QuantiFERON-TB (QFT) test. Of 543 patients screened for LTBI, 133 (24.5%) were QFT-positive. The QFT-positive patients had higher AhR levels than the QFT-negative patients (44.6 [interquartile range: 25.4–58.6] pg/mL vs. 37.8 [interquartile range: 17.4–55.0] pg/mL; p = 0.004). According to the receiver operating characteristic curve, the area under the curve was 0.584 (95% confidence interval: 0.528–0.639; p = 0.004) and the optimal cutoff value for serum AhR levels was of 37.7 pg/mL for differentiating a QFT-positive result. By a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the patients with high AhR levels had a greater risk of being QFT positive than those with low AhR levels (odds ratio = 1.902, 95% confidence interval: 1.254–2.886; p = 0.003). In conclusion, in patients with type 2 diabetes, a high serum AhR level was associated with LTBI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Diabetes Research and Practice)
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Review

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15 pages, 679 KB  
Review
The Influence of Exercise and Physical Activity on Autonomic Nervous System Function Measured by Heart Rate Variability in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus—A Systematic Review
by Isabel Bekker, Arne Kooistra, Peter R. van Dijk, Joop D. Lefrandt, Nic J. G. M. Veeger and André P. van Beek
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7096; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157096 - 23 Jul 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4284
Abstract
Non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical activity and exercise, are essential in managing type 1 diabetes mellitus by improving glycemic control, cardiovascular health and autonomic function. Given the chronic nature and long-term complications associated with type 1 diabetes, strategies beyond pharmacotherapy are essential. This [...] Read more.
Non-pharmacological interventions, such as physical activity and exercise, are essential in managing type 1 diabetes mellitus by improving glycemic control, cardiovascular health and autonomic function. Given the chronic nature and long-term complications associated with type 1 diabetes, strategies beyond pharmacotherapy are essential. This review examines the effects of exercise on heart rate variability, a key indicator of autonomic nervous system activity. A systematic search was conducted in March 2024 across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and CINAHL databases. Studies evaluating the retrospective or prospective impact of exercise or physical activity on heart rate variability parameters were included. Utilizing best evidence synthesis, the methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, all of which were rated as methodologically weak. Moderate evidence suggests that exercise may enhance heart rate variability, particularly by increasing parasympathetic activity and improving sympathovagal balance. However, evidence remains limited regarding the optimal type, frequency and intensity of exercise. Exercise appears to support autonomic function in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nonetheless, further high-quality research is needed to determine the most effective exercise modalities and to inform evidence-based clinical guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Diabetes Research and Practice)
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