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Research Progress of Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives
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Research Progress of Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 4119

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Már Másson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavík, Iceland
Interests: chitosan derivatives; chitosan conjugates; antimicrobials; drug delivery; nanoparticles; mathematical modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chitin and chitosan are unique polysaccharides with a wide range of applications. These include water treatment, agriculture, bioelectronics and biosensors, the food sector, and the health and pharmaceutical sector. They are used for purposes such as removing heavy metals and other pollutants, improving plant growth and seed protection, wound treatment, bone, and tissue regeneration, fat binding, cholesterol-lowering, nanoparticle, and drug delivery as well as antimicrobial action.

While these natural biopolymers show much promise, their structural variation is limited to variations in the degree of acetylation and acetylation pattern, and the molecular weight and weight distribution. However, chemical modification can be employed to make derivatives with enhanced physical and biological properties. For example, chemical modification can improve water solubility and increase antimicrobial activity, while linking molecular entities to the polymer backbones can result in conjugates with properties such as fluorescence and receptor targeting that natural polysaccharides lack. Additionally, chemical crosslinking can be used to create new materials, nanoparticles, gels, and coatings based on chitin and chitosan.

Impressive progress has been made in the field of chitin and chitosan in recent decades, and this Special Issue aims to highlight this progress. However, the reproducibility of some previously published work has been negatively affected by insufficient characterization of reported derivatives, where information about the degree of substitution, N vs. O substitution, degree of acetylation, and the molecular weight is often lacking. Therefore, authors submitting a manuscript to be included in this issue will be required to report the characteristics of the starting material and, whenever possible, provide NMR spectra with the correct assignment of all peaks and evaluation of the degree of substitution. It is also preferable if authors can provide information about molecular weight based on gel permeation chromatography or other methods.

Dr. Már Másson
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • chemical synthesis
  • process development
  • structure–activity–relationship
  • structure–property–relationship
  • alkylation
  • acylation
  • crosslinking
  • chitin and chitosan derivatives
  • chitin and chitosan conjugates

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2721 KiB  
Article
Conjugation of CRAMP18–35 Peptide to Chitosan and Hydroxypropyl Chitosan via Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition and Investigation of Antibacterial Activity
by Sankar Rathinam, Kasper K. Sørensen, Martha Á. Hjálmarsdóttir, Mikkel B. Thygesen and Már Másson
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179440 - 30 Aug 2024
Viewed by 641
Abstract
We developed a synthesis strategy involving a diazo transfer reaction and subsequent click reaction to conjugate a murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP18–35) to chitosan and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPC), confirmed the structure, and investigated the antimicrobial activity. Chitosan azide and HPC-azide were [...] Read more.
We developed a synthesis strategy involving a diazo transfer reaction and subsequent click reaction to conjugate a murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP18–35) to chitosan and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPC), confirmed the structure, and investigated the antimicrobial activity. Chitosan azide and HPC-azide were prepared with a low degree of azidation by reacting the parent chitosan and HPC with imidazole sulfonyl azide hydrochloride. CRAMP18–35 carrying an N-terminal pentynoyl group was successfully grafted onto chitosan and HPC via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The chitosan–peptide conjugates were characterized by IR spectroscopy and proton NMR to confirm the conversion of the azide to 1,2,3-triazole and to determine the degree of substitution (DS). The DS of the chitosan and HPC CRAMP18–35 conjugates was 0.20 and 0.13, respectively. The antibacterial activity of chitosan–peptide conjugates was evaluated for activity against two species of Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and two species of Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The antimicrobial peptide conjugates were selectively active against the Gram-negative bacteria and lacking activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives)
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15 pages, 5320 KiB  
Article
Antiseptic, Hemostatic, and Wound Activity of Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-Iodine Gel with Trimethyl Chitosan
by Andrew Padalhin, Hyun Seok Ryu, Seung Hyeon Yoo, Celine Abueva, Hwee Hyon Seo, So Young Park, Phil-Sang Chung and Seung Hoon Woo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(4), 2106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042106 - 9 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1431
Abstract
Wound management practices have made significant advancements, yet the search for improved antiseptics persists. In our pursuit of solutions that not only prevent infections but also address broader aspects of wound care, we investigated the impact of integrating trimethyl chitosan (TMC) into a [...] Read more.
Wound management practices have made significant advancements, yet the search for improved antiseptics persists. In our pursuit of solutions that not only prevent infections but also address broader aspects of wound care, we investigated the impact of integrating trimethyl chitosan (TMC) into a widely used poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-iodine gel (PVP-I gel). Our study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of the PVP gel with TMC against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant S. aureus MRSA, and Candida albicans. Additionally, we compared hemostatic effects using a liver puncture bleeding model and evaluated wound healing through histological sections from full-thickness dermal wounds in rats. The results indicate that incorporating TMC into the commercially available PVP-I gel did not compromise its antimicrobial activity. The incorporation of TMC into the PVP-I gel markedly improves its hemostatic activity. The regular application of the PVP-I gel with TMC resulted in an increased blood vessel count in the wound bed and facilitated the development of thicker fibrous tissue with a regenerated epidermal layer. These findings suggest that TMC contributes not only to antimicrobial activity but also to the intricate processes of tissue regeneration. In conclusion, incorporating TMC proves beneficial, making it a valuable additive to commercially available antiseptic agents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives)
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18 pages, 2960 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Antibacterial Chitosan Films with Ciprofloxacin in Acidic Conditions
by Dominik Sikorski, Piotr Rosiak, Łukasz Janczewski, Marek J. Potrzebowski, Dorota Kregiel, Sławomir Kaźmierski, Damian Neubauer, Beata Kolesińska, Justyna Frączyk, Anna Adamczyk and Zbigniew Draczyński
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(20), 15163; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015163 - 13 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1391
Abstract
This work presents the results of research on obtaining chitosan (CS) films containing on their surface ciprofloxacin (CIP). A unique structure was obtained that not only gives new properties to the films, but also changes the way of coverage and structure of the [...] Read more.
This work presents the results of research on obtaining chitosan (CS) films containing on their surface ciprofloxacin (CIP). A unique structure was obtained that not only gives new properties to the films, but also changes the way of coverage and structure of the surface. The spectroscopic test showed that in the process of application of CIP on the surface of CS film, CIP was converted from its crystalline form to an amorphic one, hence improving its bioavailability. This improved its scope of microbiological effect. The research was carried out on the reduction of CIP concentration during the process of CIP adhesion to the surface of chitosan films. The antibacterial activity of the CS films with and without the drug was evaluated in relation to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Candida albicans and Penicillium expansum. Changes in the morphology and roughness of membrane surfaces after the antibacterial molecule adhesion process were tested with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Structural analysis of CS and its modifications were confirmed with Fourier-transform spectroscopy in the infrared by an attenuated total reflectance of IR radiation (FTIR-ATR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives)
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