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Advances in Biomarker Discovery for Rare Diseases

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 January 2026 | Viewed by 939

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Guest Editor
Neuroscience and Cell Biology Research Institute, St. George’s, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
Interests: MNGIE; EE-TP; rare diseases; cell therapies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is estimated that there are between 7000 and 8000 distinct rare diseases that affect more than 350 million individuals globally. For a majority of these rare disease patients, there are no specific therapies where effectiveness has been evidenced in clinical trial studies. The drug development pathway for rare diseases poses inherent challenges, which include small patient populations, heterogeneous clinical presentations, and limited availability of natural history data. Subsequently, rare disease clinical trial failures are common. However, these failures are often not due to a lack of biological effect but rather due to an inadequate study design. In this context, biomarkers have the potential to play a crucial role in complementing clinical outcome measures and supporting the future directions of therapeutic development for rare diseases. Biomarkers can serve as measurable indicators of normal biological or pathological processes and therefore offer the potential to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and progression and provide a means of monitoring responses to therapeutic interventions. The focus of this edition of Advances in Biomarker Discovery for Rare Diseases is to provide a broad platform for original research and state-of-the-art reviews on novel or established biomarkers that will contribute valuable insights into rare disease mechanisms and progression and/or enhance our capacity to successfully navigate and accelerate the drug development process for rare diseases.

Dr. Bridget E. Bax
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • biomarker
  • rare diseases
  • pathological processes
  • cystic fibrosis
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
  • haemophilia
  • sickle cell disease
  • primary biliary cholangitis
  • fabry disease

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

27 pages, 3487 KB  
Article
Untargeted Plasma Metabolomics Extends the Biomarker Profile of Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy
by Bridget E. Bax and Sema Kalkan Uçar
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189107 - 18 Sep 2025
Viewed by 570
Abstract
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is caused by pathogenic mutations in the nuclear TYMP gene, which encodes the cytosolic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. In addition to the systemic accumulation of thymidine and deoxyuridine, several case studies have reported abnormalities in a range of other metabolites [...] Read more.
Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is caused by pathogenic mutations in the nuclear TYMP gene, which encodes the cytosolic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase. In addition to the systemic accumulation of thymidine and deoxyuridine, several case studies have reported abnormalities in a range of other metabolites in patients with MNGIE. Since metabolites are intermediates or end-products of numerous biochemical reactions, they serve as highly informative indicators of an organism’s metabolic activity. This study aimed to perform an untargeted metabolomic profiling to determine whether individuals with MNGIE exhibit a distinct plasma metabolic signature compared to 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Metabolites were profiled using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). A total of 160 metabolites were found to be significantly upregulated and 260 downregulated in patients with MNGIE. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed disruptions in 20 metabolic pathways, with arachidonic acid metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis being the most significantly upregulated. Univariate receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses identified 23 individual metabolites with diagnostic potential, each showing an area under the curve (AUC) ≥ 0.80. We propose that an impaired resolution of inflammation contributes to a chronic inflammatory state in MNGIE, potentially driving disease progression. Additionally, we suggest that the gut–liver axis plays a central role in MNGIE pathophysiology, with hepatic function being bidirectionally influenced by gut-derived factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomarker Discovery for Rare Diseases)
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