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Interactions Between Microbes and Hosts: Physiology, Pathology and Treatment—Second Edition

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2026 | Viewed by 334

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Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University Gabriele d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Interests: oral biology; biomaterials; dental implants; osteogenesis; bone regeneration; photodynamic therapy
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Studies have shown that microbial virulence factors and bias molecules play important roles in host cell invasion, colonization, and immune escape. These factors affect the pathogenicity of microbes and determine the host's immune response.

This Special Issue aims to explore new advances in microbial pathogenicity and treatment, understand the interactions between microbes and hosts, and provide theoretical support for the development of new treatment strategies. We are seeking submissions of reviews and research articles exploring the mechanisms of microbial infection. Topics of interest include (but are not limited to)

  • Interactions between microbes and hosts;
  • Virulence factors and their effects;
  • Bacterial and viral infection mechanisms and effects;
  • Antimicrobial drugs: antimicrobial peptides, antibiotics, antivirals and other drugs.

This Special Issue is a continuation of Volume I: “Interactions Between Microbes and Hosts: Physiology, Pathology and Treatment”.

Dr. Emira D’Amico
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • microbial infection
  • microbes–host interaction
  • virulence factors
  • molecular and cell biology
  • antimicrobial therapy
  • antibiotics
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • resistance mechanisms

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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8 pages, 316 KB  
Case Report
Atypical HIV-1 Viremia Persistently Detected Exclusively Through the Pol Target by a Dual-Target (Pol and LTR) Assay: A Case Report About a New Diagnostic Challenge
by Alessandra Amendola, Sara Belladonna, Flavia Smoquina, Giulia Capecchi, Valentina Mazzotta, Maria Grazia Bocci, Fabrizio Maggi, Federica Forbici and Lavinia Fabeni
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(6), 2595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27062595 - 12 Mar 2026
Viewed by 184
Abstract
We report the case of a 48-year-old man admitted with severe pneumonia, profound immunosuppression and multiple co-infections, showing unusual pattern of HIV-1 viremia. With the Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx assay, a dual-target diagnostic assay for monitoring of viral RNA in people living with [...] Read more.
We report the case of a 48-year-old man admitted with severe pneumonia, profound immunosuppression and multiple co-infections, showing unusual pattern of HIV-1 viremia. With the Aptima HIV-1 Quant Dx assay, a dual-target diagnostic assay for monitoring of viral RNA in people living with HIV-1 (PWH), the patient showed viral RNA consistently detected exclusively through the pol target, while the LTR signal remained absent in all samples during one year of follow-up on antiretroviral therapy. Despite this persistent atypical viral load (pol+/LTR-), near full-length next-generation sequencing of HIV-1 RNA confirmed an almost intact viral genome, including the LTR region and no resistance-associated mutations. Several mechanisms may account for explaining the persistent lack of LTR detection, such as defective quasi-species, RNA structural rearrangements, or epi-transcriptomic modifications interfering with primers annealing, and further studies are currently underway to clarify the biological origins and the clinical implications of the detection patterns of atypical HIV-1 RNA. The case described here is an example of a few PWH undergoing antiretroviral therapy who demonstrated single-target HIV-1 viremia with the Aptima dual-target assay. These particular clinical situations with single-target viremia, even at high levels of HIV-1 RNA, should be carefully considered in clinical management as they would indicate the presence of atypical viral RNA, for which, in some cases, switching antiretroviral therapy could be not necessary. Full article
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