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Ligament/Tendon and Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Reconstruction, 2nd Edition

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2026 | Viewed by 1457

Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
Interests: ligament/tendon; cartilage; tissue engineering and reconstruction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage share many tissue characteristics, including a poor or absent blood supply, low cell content, and an abundant collagenous extracellular matrix. Some of these properties may explain their limited self-healing capacity during tissue injury.

Hence, tissue engineering (TE) represents a promising strategy for tissue reconstruction. Using novel biomimetic biomaterials as chondro-/tenogenic cell carriers represents an innovative culturing approach; for example, utilizing smart bioreactors and versatile bioprinting strategies could support the regeneration of these tissues with tissue-engineered implants. Cells recruited for TE, the tailored release of bioactive factors, and targeted cell lineage differentiation are also of interest. Novel data describing in vivo TE results gained using animal models are also welcome.

This Special Issue will focus on the most recent developments in tendon/ligament and cartilage tissue engineering, comprising in vitro and in vivo studies.

Dr. Clemens Gögele
Prof. Dr. Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • cartilage
  • tendon
  • ligament
  • anterior cruciate ligament
  • bioprinting
  • scaffold
  • bioreactor
  • tissue engineering

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

25 pages, 2562 KB  
Review
The Role of Phagocytic Cells in the Achilles Tendon
by Yasir Majeed, Maria Kokozidou, Clemens Gögele, Andreas Traweger, Christine Lehner, Herbert Tempfer and Gundula Gesine Schulze-Tanzil
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(5), 2130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27052130 - 25 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1080
Abstract
Macrophages and other phagocytic cells are central regulators of tendon immunobiology, orchestrating inflammation, tissue repair, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in the tendons. They derive from circulating monocytes and resident tendon-specific populations, including tenophages. Macrophage polarization along the M1/M2 axis exerts a decisive [...] Read more.
Macrophages and other phagocytic cells are central regulators of tendon immunobiology, orchestrating inflammation, tissue repair, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in the tendons. They derive from circulating monocytes and resident tendon-specific populations, including tenophages. Macrophage polarization along the M1/M2 axis exerts a decisive influence on tendon healing trajectories. Activated M1 macrophages promote the early healing phase for debris clearance initiating the reparative cascade. However, their sustained activity leads to inflammation, ECM degradation, impaired healing, tendinopathy, and heterotopic ossification (HO). Conversely, a timed shift toward activated M2 macrophages promotes resolution of inflammation, angiogenesis, ECM deposition, and fibrocartilage formation, whereas excessive or prolonged M2 activity facilitates adhesion formation, fibrosis, scarring and HO. Recent single-cell and spatial profiling studies showed macrophage heterogeneity across tendon compartments, thereby extending the classical M1/M2 paradigm and underscoring the relevance of macrophages/resident tendon cell’s interaction in tendon-specific local niches. Mechanobiological stimuli (depending on magnitude, frequency and duration) further modulate macrophage phenotypes and tendon healing. Emerging coculture models and human tendon-on-chip systems provide high-resolution platforms for dissecting these spatiotemporal interactions. Promising therapeutic approaches comprise the application of extracellular vesicles, controlled mechanoloading regimens, and immunomodulatory biomaterials demonstrating potential to induce regenerative macrophage signatures for improved healing outcomes. Notably, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) formulations shape macrophage responses: leukocyte-rich PRP preferentially promotes M1 activity whereas leukocyte-poor PRP supports M2 polarization. Thus, mechano- and immunomodulatory strategies can offer precise control over macrophage dynamics. Regarding the Achilles tendon pathologies, such approaches are helpful by directing macrophage-mediated inflammation towards effective tendon healing outcomes. Full article
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