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Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and...
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Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and CityGML Organization

A special issue of ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (ISSN 2220-9964).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 46512

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eva Savina Malinverni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Construction, Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICEA), Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: GIS; remote sensing, surveying; topography; photogrammetry; cultural heritage; landscape; environmental; geodatabase; geoinformatics; geomatics; geoscience
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Roberto Pierdicca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil, Building and Architectural Engineering (DICEA) Engineering Faculty, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: point clouds; heritage; mobile LiDAR; sensible spaces; eXtended Reality; Artificial Intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent decades, the use of information management systems in building and urban data processing has led to radical changes being made to the methods of production, management, and archiving of data documentation. BIM has been used to facilitate project collaboration and data integration in many phases of a project and it can offer substantial benefits during the entire life cycle of the project. Additionally, 3D city models represent a key management and visualization tool at the urban and territorial scales (modeling terrain, buildings, bridges, vegetation, infrastructures, etc.). These methodologies can also be applied to cultural heritage, where information management plays a key role. This Special Issue wants to open a debate on the use of HBIM and CityGML for historical architecture (at both building and urban scales), illustrating methodologies of information management promoting the conservation and the valorization of data coming from different geomatics sensors integrated with each other. Close-range photogrammetric surveys, spherical panoramas, automatic digital image processing, 3D modeling obtained by remotely sensed images, UAV frames, and mobile laser arrangements based on SLAM technology are all integrated techniques suitable for the implementation of HBIM- and CityGML-based systems. Based on the accuracy of the data acquisition, the availability of information about the building, and the related level of knowledge, a semantic representation of a complex structure can be proposed at different scales of representation, managing different levels of detail. The collection of geometrical building components in a database, enriched with attributes such as images, materials, decay, interventions, etc., and linked to each feature, simplifies the management of construction by a unique and searchable archive. The advantage of the interoperability concept allows data sharing. For this reason, HBIM and CityGML can be considered the most suitable solutions for managing the information of the assets of existing buildings and historical centers on architectural and territorial scales.

Prof. Dr. Eva Savina Malinverni
Dr. Roberto Pierdicca
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Geomatics remote sensors integration for heritage data acquisition 
  • HBIM data organization and management 
  • Interoperability of big data useful for heritage
  • Detail and accuracy in a HBIM 
  • Challenges in the HBIM use
  • Integration of multisource 3D Data
  • Semantic segmentation, classification, and ontology 
  • Scan-to-BIM pipeline

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 55691 KiB  
Article
Preservation of Villages in Central Italy: Geomatic Techniques’ Integration and GIS Strategies for the Post-Earthquake Assessment
by Fabio Piccinini, Alban Gorreja, Francesco Di Stefano, Roberto Pierdicca, Luis Javier Sanchez Aparicio and Eva Savina Malinverni
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2022, 11(5), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11050291 - 30 Apr 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3285
Abstract
Historical villages represent a highly vulnerable cultural heritage; their preservation can be ensured thanks to technological innovations in the field of geomatics and information systems. Among these, Geographical Information Systems (GISs) allow exploiting heterogeneous data for efficient vulnerability assessment, in terms of both [...] Read more.
Historical villages represent a highly vulnerable cultural heritage; their preservation can be ensured thanks to technological innovations in the field of geomatics and information systems. Among these, Geographical Information Systems (GISs) allow exploiting heterogeneous data for efficient vulnerability assessment, in terms of both time and usability. Geometric attributes, which currently are mainly inferred by visual inspections, can be extrapolated from data obtained by geomatic technologies. Furthermore, the integration with non-metric data ensures a more complete description of the post-seismic risk thematic mapping. In this paper, a high-performance information system for small urban realities, such as historical villages, is described, starting from the 3D survey obtained through the integrated management of recent innovative geomatic sensors, such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLSs), and 360º images. The results show that the proposed strategy of the automatic extraction of the parameters from the GIS can be generalized to other case studies, thus representing a straightforward method to enhance the decision-making of public administrations. Moreover, this work confirms the importance of managing heterogeneous geospatial data to speed up the vulnerability assessment process. The final result, in fact, is an information system that can be used for every village where data have been acquired in a similar way. This information could be used in the field by means of a GIS app that allows updating the geospatial database, improving the work of technicians. This approach was validated in Gabbiano(Pieve Torina), a village in Central Italy affected by earthquakes in 2016 and 2017. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and CityGML Organization)
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36 pages, 19767 KiB  
Article
The Evolution of Interactivity, Immersion and Interoperability in HBIM: Digital Model Uses, VR and AR for Built Cultural Heritage
by Fabrizio Banfi
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(10), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100685 - 11 Oct 2021
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 8485
Abstract
Today, a building is not just a “body” or a “machine” as defined by modern architecture, but rather an immaterial entity immersed in a digital world where not only its components but also the information associated with it are accounted for. In recent [...] Read more.
Today, a building is not just a “body” or a “machine” as defined by modern architecture, but rather an immaterial entity immersed in a digital world where not only its components but also the information associated with it are accounted for. In recent decades, building information modelling (BIM) has made it possible to move from 2D CAD drawings to 3D models capable of supporting different processes and interacting with different disciplines in the AEC industry for storing, documenting and sharing heterogeneous content. It has thus become possible to direct these techniques towards built heritage to investigate new forms of communication and share heritage building information modelling (HBIM) models. This research investigates this evolution in both generative terms (scan-to-BIM process) and cultural and historical terms in order to orient BIM uses towards novel forms of interactivity and immersion between users and models. The author proposes the use of a digital process and the development of VR and AR environments based on a visual programming language (VPL) to improve access to a deeper knowledge of HBIM models and the artefacts and information contained therein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and CityGML Organization)
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19 pages, 8309 KiB  
Article
Modeling and Processing of Smart Point Clouds of Cultural Relics with Complex Geometries
by Su Yang, Miaole Hou, Ahmed Shaker and Songnian Li
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(9), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090617 - 16 Sep 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4039
Abstract
The digital documentation of cultural relics plays an important role in archiving, protection, and management. In the field of cultural heritage, three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data is effective at expressing complex geometric structures and geometric details on the surface of cultural relics, but [...] Read more.
The digital documentation of cultural relics plays an important role in archiving, protection, and management. In the field of cultural heritage, three-dimensional (3D) point cloud data is effective at expressing complex geometric structures and geometric details on the surface of cultural relics, but lacks semantic information. To elaborate the geometric information of cultural relics and add meaningful semantic information, we propose a modeling and processing method of smart point clouds of cultural relics with complex geometries. An information modeling framework for complex geometric cultural relics was designed based on the concept of smart point clouds, in which 3D point cloud data are organized through the time dimension and different spatial scales indicating different geometric details. The proposed model allows smart point clouds or a subset to be linked with semantic information or related documents. As such, this novel information modeling framework can be used to describe rich semantic information and high-level details of geometry. The proposed information model not only expresses the complex geometric structure of the cultural relics and the geometric details on the surface, but also has rich semantic information, and can even be associated with documents. A case study of the Dazu Thousand-Hand Bodhisattva Statue, which is characterized by a variety of complex geometries, reveals that our proposed framework is capable of modeling and processing the statue with excellent applicability and expansibility. This work provides insights into the sustainable development of cultural heritage protection globally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and CityGML Organization)
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18 pages, 8504 KiB  
Article
The Use of Interactive Virtual BIM to Boost Virtual Tourism in Heritage Sites, Historic Jeddah
by Ahmad Baik
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(9), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090577 - 26 Aug 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 5258
Abstract
Today, moving from a two-dimensional environment to a more advanced interactive three-dimensional (3D) environment in the industries of architecture, engineering, and construction has become one of the most significant topics of interest. This is due to several primary advantages that the 3D environment [...] Read more.
Today, moving from a two-dimensional environment to a more advanced interactive three-dimensional (3D) environment in the industries of architecture, engineering, and construction has become one of the most significant topics of interest. This is due to several primary advantages that the 3D environment can offer. Building information modeling (BIM) can be used as a highly advanced system to present a desired reality in a 3D interactive environment accompanied with 3D reality captured data, such as the point cloud data. As such, these 3D environments can be employed for more advanced uses, such as virtual reality and augmented reality technologies (VR and AR). Recently, BIM has been employed in the context of heritage (known as HBIM, or Heritage Building Information Modeling) for different purposes, such as to provide as-built information with the ability to interact with the end user and uploading information (e.g., historical photographs, documents about materials, or any past restoration projects) into the BIM model. This research will focus on providing an interactive rich virtual 3D model for heritage management. This virtual environment can be employed in cultural tourism and used for the abovementioned purposes. The research project has been adopted in the case of the Zainal Historical House (Bayt Zainal) located in the Historic District of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This house is described as one of the significant historical buildings in the historic district. The key aim for selecting this case study is to bridge the gap in architectural knowledge regarding these heritage buildings and their hybrid structural systems (i.e., integration of steel or concrete with the traditional “Mangbi” stone technique). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and CityGML Organization)
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25 pages, 4857 KiB  
Article
A Survey of Scan-to-BIM Practices in the AEC Industry—A Quantitative Analysis
by Gustavo Rocha and Luís Mateus
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(8), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080564 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9651
Abstract
Architectural survey methods using terrestrial 3D laser scanning and digital photogrammetry prove capable of registering a building with a level of accuracy far superior to traditional methods, minimizing errors, and reducing fieldwork. Current developments in the construction industry, and new requirements emerging worldwide, [...] Read more.
Architectural survey methods using terrestrial 3D laser scanning and digital photogrammetry prove capable of registering a building with a level of accuracy far superior to traditional methods, minimizing errors, and reducing fieldwork. Current developments in the construction industry, and new requirements emerging worldwide, have increased the demand for building information modeling (BIM) models as the end product of these surveys. Still, because BIM is a new paradigm, many professionals find the transition challenging, especially when dealing with old and heritage buildings. The new ways of the market demand solutions to optimize processes and make architectural reconstruction from point clouds even more efficient. An online questionnaire survey was carried out with 208 industry professionals working in 78 countries to assess the scope of these demands. As a result, the article presents an overview of current scan-to-BIM practices worldwide with data regarding the architectural survey and BIM modeling derived from point clouds. The implemented survey also identifies in which countries BIM adherence is most accelerated for conventional buildings and for listed buildings and non-listed old buildings, the main benefits and difficulties encountered by professionals, tools and workflows used, and the role of different professionals in collaborative work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and CityGML Organization)
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20 pages, 20306 KiB  
Article
Integration of Laser Scanner and Photogrammetry for Heritage BIM Enhancement
by Yahya Alshawabkeh, Ahmad Baik and Yehia Miky
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10(5), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050316 - 8 May 2021
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 8641
Abstract
Digital 3D capture and reliable reproduction of architectural features is the first and most difficult step towards defining a heritage BIM. Three-dimensional digital survey technologies, such as TLS and photogrammetry, enable experts to scan buildings with a new level of detail. Challenges in [...] Read more.
Digital 3D capture and reliable reproduction of architectural features is the first and most difficult step towards defining a heritage BIM. Three-dimensional digital survey technologies, such as TLS and photogrammetry, enable experts to scan buildings with a new level of detail. Challenges in the tracing of parametric objects in a TLS point cloud include the reconstruction of occluded parts, measurement of uncertainties relevant to surface reflectivity, and edge detection and location. In addition to image-based techniques being considered cost effective, highly flexible, and efficient in producing a high-quality 3D textured model, they also provide a better interpretation of surface linear characteristics. This article addresses an architecture survey workflow using photogrammetry and TLS to optimize a point cloud that is sufficient for a reliable HBIM. Fusion-based workflows were proposed during the recording of two heritage sites—the Matbouli House Museum in Historic Jeddah, a UNESCO World Heritage Site; and Asfan Castle. In the Matbouli House Museum building, which is rich with complex architectural features, multi-sensor recording was implemented at different resolutions and levels of detail. The TLS data were used to reconstruct the basic shape of the main structural elements, while the imagery’s superior radiometric data and accessibility were effectively used to enhance the TLS point clouds for improving the geometry, data interpretation, and parametric tracing of irregular objects in the facade. Furthermore, in the workflow that is considered to be the ragged terrain of the Castle of Asfan, here, the TLS point cloud was supplemented with UAV data in the upper building zones where the shadow data originated. Both datasets were registered using an ICP algorithm to scale the photogrammetric data and define their actual position in the construction system. The hybrid scans were imported and processed in the BIM environment. The building components were segmented and classified into regular and irregular surfaces, in order to perform detailed building information modeling of the architectural elements. The proposed workflows demonstrated an appropriate performance in terms of reliable and complete BIM mapping in the complex structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and CityGML Organization)
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25 pages, 13641 KiB  
Article
A CityGML Multiscale Approach for the Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage: The Case Study of the Old Town of Taranto (Italy)
by Massimiliano Pepe, Domenica Costantino, Vincenzo Saverio Alfio, Maria Giuseppa Angelini and Alfredo Restuccia Garofalo
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2020, 9(7), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9070449 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5267
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide a dedicated approach to the realisation of a CityGML model for the valorisation and the conservation of existing cultural heritage. In particular, for the ancient city of Taranto (Italy), several levels of details (LODs) have [...] Read more.
The aim of this article is to provide a dedicated approach to the realisation of a CityGML model for the valorisation and the conservation of existing cultural heritage. In particular, for the ancient city of Taranto (Italy), several levels of details (LODs) have been built. CityGML models in LOD1 for the most representative periods were realised, which were characterised by urban changes from the mid-1800s until today. To achieve this aim, great importance was devoted to the process of integration of the different file formats. A geographic information system (GIS) approach has been put in place for the construction of the CityGML model in LOD1. In addition, the study also focused on the realisation of a CityGML model in LOD3 of a bridge of a particular historical and architectural interest, called “Ponte di Porta Napoli”, also situated in the city of Taranto. In the latter case, the CityGML model was realised starting from the geomatics survey. Therefore, the project structured in this way represents an important tool for the sharing of (georeferenced) territorial information. The CityGML models represent a valid support for spatial planning processes and measures for the protection, monitoring and conservation of urban elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Resolution Data Fusion for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and CityGML Organization)
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