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Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 38565

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zachary J. Crowley-McHattan

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
Interests: exercise science; neuromuscular control and physiology; motor control and learning; skill analysis

Prof. Dr. Pedro Bezerra

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Guest Editor

Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo, 320, Melgaço, Portugal
Interests: exercise physiology; neuromuscular physiology; cardiovascular physiology; exercise performance; health sciences; aging

Prof. Dr. Shi Zhou

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia
Interests: sport and exercise science; neuromuscular physiology; exercise interventions for selected populations

Prof. Dr. Yung Sheng Chen

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Guest Editor

Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
Interests: exercise physiology; neuromuscular physiology; cardiovascular physiology; exercise performance; health sciences; aging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite you to submit papers to our Special Edition entitled “Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport, and Health”. Given the importance of the neuromuscular system to physical performance and health, it is imperative to investigate and advance our understanding of this system. This Special Issue will focus on the impacts of innovative training and exercise interventions on neuromuscular function and encompass a variety of research and assessment methods. Papers will address important questions from basic science to daily life and practice, while also having considerable implications across a wide-ranging number of health domains such as aging, clinical populations, and sports.

We welcome quality empirical reports as well as review articles and look forward to receiving contributions examining, but not limited to, the following topic areas:

Neuromuscular physiology investigations at cellular, system, and organism levels;
Motor-sensory control of skeletal muscle contractions;
Neuromuscular adaptations to exercise and sport;
Health benefits of exercise and training in clinical conditions;
Effects of aging and exercise on neuromuscular function;
Motor competence and neuromuscular development in children and adolescents;
Innovation, validation, and reliability of neuromuscular assessments.

Dr. Zachary Crowley-McHattan
Prof. Dr. Pedro Bezerra
Prof. Dr. Shi Zhou
Prof. Dr. Yung Sheng Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

balance control
exercise rehabilitation
exercise recovery
exercise and training intervention
muscle strength
muscle physiology
motor learning and performance
neuromuscular control
neuromuscular assessment

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Coordinated Visual and Verbal Cues in Complex Multimedia Materials to Improve Tactical Learning in Soccer

by Nourhen Mezghanni, Ghazi Rekik, Zachary J. Crowley-McHattan, Yosra Belkhir, Rayda Ben Ayed, Atyh Hadadi, Turki Mohsen Alzahrani, Cheng-Deng Kuo and Yung-Sheng Chen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063365 - 12 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1945

Abstract

This study aimed to explore whether the use of coordinated visual and verbal cues in narrated diagrams would support novices in learning soccer scenes. Eighty female university students (M_age = 20 years, SD = 1.2) in physical education (PE) were randomly exposed to four multimedia material versions: (a) simple without cues, (b) simple with cues, (c) complex without cues, and (d) complex with cues. In the non-cued versions, students learned the evolution of soccer scenes via arrow-based diagrams accompanied by oral explanations. In the cued versions, game actions in narrations were spoken with a louder accent (verbal cueing), while at the same time, the corresponding arrows turned red in diagrams (visual cueing). After studying one of the four versions, participants were asked to complete immediate and delayed recall–reconstruction tests, and to indicate their attitudes towards instructional materials. The results demonstrate the instructional benefits of using coordinated dual-modality cues in the complex multimedia material, in terms of immediate (p = 0.03, d = 0.53) and delayed (p = 0.02, d = 0.85) recall performances. The findings encourage soccer teachers to verbalize game actions with a louder accent, while simultaneously coloring the corresponding arrows in the diagram when explaining complex game situations for novices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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13 pages, 2086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Muscle Contractile Properties Measured at Submaximal Electrical Amplitudes and Not at Supramaximal Amplitudes Are Associated with Repeated Sprint Performance and Fatigue Markers

by Alejandro Muñoz-López, Moisés de Hoyo and Borja Sañudo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11689; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111689 - 07 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1702

Abstract

Background: The present study analyzes the associations between the muscle contractile properties (MCP) measured at different neuromuscular electrical stimulation amplitudes (NMESa) and the performance or transient fatigue after a bout of repeated sprints. Methods: Seventeen physically active male subjects performed six repeated sprints of 30 m with 30 s of passive recovery. Capillary blood creatine kinase (CK) concentration, knee extension or flexion isometric peak torque, tensiomyography, and repeated sprint performance were assessed. Results: Muscle displacement and contraction time were different in relation to the NMESa used in the rectus femoris and biceps femoris muscles. At rest, significant (p < 0.05) associations were found between muscle displacement and the loss of time in the repeated sprints (sprint performance) at 20 or 40 mA in the rectus femoris. At post +24 h or +48 h, the highest significant associations were found between the muscle displacement or the contraction time and CK or peak torques also at submaximal amplitudes (20 mA). The NMESa which elicits the peak muscle displacement showed lack of practical significance. Conclusion: Although MCP are typically assessed in tensiomyography using the NMESa that elicit peak muscle displacement, a submaximal NMESa may have a higher potential practical application to assess neuromuscular fatigue in response to repeated sprints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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10 pages, 1549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Kinesiology Taping Stretch Tensions on Soleus and Gastrocnemius H-Reflex Modulations

by Yung-Sheng Chen, Shi Zhou, Zachary J. Crowley-McHattan, Pedro Bezerra, Wei-Chin Tseng, Che-Hsiu Chen and Xin Ye

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094411 - 21 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2337

Abstract

This study examined the acute effects of stretch tensions of kinesiology taping (KT) on the soleus (SOL), medial (MG), and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius Hoffmann-reflex (H-reflex) modulation in physically active healthy adults. A cross-over within-subject design was used in this study. Twelve physically active collegiate students voluntarily participated in the study (age = 21.3 ± 1.2 years; height = 175.6 ± 7.1 cm; body weight = 69.9 ± 7.1 kg). A standard Y-shape of KT technique was applied to the calf muscles. The KT was controlled in three tension intensities in a randomised order: paper-off, 50%, and 100% of maximal stretch tension of the tape. The peak-to-peak amplitude of maximal M-wave (M_max) and H-reflex (H_max) responses in the SOL, MG, and LG muscles were assessed before taping (pre-taping), taping, and after taping (post-taping) phases in the lying prone position. The results demonstrated significantly larger LG H_max responses in the pre-taping condition than those in the post-taping condition during paper-off KT (p = 0.002). Moreover, the ΔH_max/M_max of pre- and post-taping in the SOL muscle was significantly larger during 50%KT tension than that of paper-off (p = 0.046). In conclusion, the stretch tension of KT contributes minor influence on the spinal motoneuron excitability in the triceps surae during rest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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10 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between Health Perception and Health Predictors among the Elderly across European Countries

by Ana F. Silva, Jose Mª Cancela, Irimia Mollinedo, Miguel Camões and Pedro Bezerra

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 4053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084053 - 12 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health perception and health predictors among the elderly. In this study, 376 older adults from four different countries (Hungary, n = 86; Italy, n = 133; Portugal, n = 95; and Spain, n = 62) were analyzed. All subjects completed the EQ-5D-5L to assess their quality-adjusted life years and were assessed in handgrip (HG) and in Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests. A three-way MANOVA was conducted to analyze the groups based on their age, sex, and country. The interaction effects in all included variables were also considered. The Bonferroni test was also executed as a post hoc test. Any interaction results were noticed. Regarding age, lower perceived quality of life scores and higher TUG results were registered in the oldest group, and greater values of left and right HG results were registered in the second-oldest group. Males showed greater left and right HG values than women. Spain showed lower perceived quality of life scores. Portugal and Italy showed greater HG left values, while Portugal had better HG right values. Hungary produced the greatest TUG scores. Quality of life is dependent on the subject’s age and physical fitness, as increasing age was associated with decreased values of HG and TUG. Only strength was different between sexes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

12 pages, 2283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postural Responses to Sudden Horizontal Perturbations in Tai Chi Practitioners

by Jernej Sever, Jan Babič, Žiga Kozinc and Nejc Šarabon

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(5), 2692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052692 - 07 Mar 2021

Viewed by 2286

Abstract

Tai Chi has been shown to elicit numerous positive effects on health and well-being. In this study, we examined reactive postural control after sudden unloading horizontal perturbations, which resembled situations encountered during Tai Chi. The study involved 20 participants, 10 in the Tai Chi group (age: 37.4 ± 7.8 years), who had been regularly training the push-hand technique for at least 7 years, and 10 in the control group, consisting of healthy adults (age: 28.8 ± 5.0). Perturbations were applied at three different positions (hips, shoulders, and arms) via the load-release paradigm. Twenty measurements were carried out for each perturbation position. We measured peak vertical and horizontal forces on the ground (expressed percentage of body mass (%BM)), peak center of pressure displacement and peak horizontal and vertical velocities at the knee, hip and shoulder joints. The Tai Chi group exhibited smaller increases in vertical ground reaction forces when perturbations were applied at the hips (11.5 ± 2.1 vs. 19.6 ± 5.5 %BW; p = 0.002) and the arms (14.1 ± 4.2 vs. 23.2 ± 8.4 %BW; p = 0.005). They also responded with higher horizontal force increase after hip perturbation (16.2 ± 3.2 vs. 13.1 ± 2.5 %BW; p < 0.001). Similar findings were found when observing various outcomes related to velocities of vertical movement. The Tai Chi group also showed lower speeds of backward movement of the knee (p = 0.005–0.009) after hip (0.49 ± 0.13 vs. 0.85 ± 0.14 m/s; p = 0.005) and arm perturbations (0.97 ± 0.18 vs. 1.71 ± 0.29 m/s; p = 0.005). Center of pressure displacements were similar between groups. Our study demonstrated that engaging in Tai Chi could be beneficial to reactive postural responses after sudden perturbations in a horizontal direction; however, future interventional studies are needed to directly confirm this. Moreover, because of the age difference between the groups, some confounding effects of age cannot be ruled out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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15 pages, 3018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Skeletal Muscle Metabolomic Responses to Endurance and Resistance Training in Rats under Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

by Xiangyu Liu, Xiong Xue, Junsheng Tian, Xuemei Qin, Shi Zhou, Anping Chen and Yumei Han

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(4), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041645 - 09 Feb 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2361

Abstract

The objectives of this study were to compare the antidepressant effects between endurance and resistance exercise for optimizing interventions and examine the metabolomic changes in different types of skeletal muscles in response to the exercise, using a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression. There were 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into a control group (C) and 3 experimental groups: CUMS control (D), endurance exercise (E), and resistance exercise (R). Group E underwent 30 min treadmill running, and group R performed 8 rounds of ladder climbing, 5 sessions per week for 4 weeks. Body weight, sucrose preference, and open field tests were performed pre and post the intervention period for changes in depressant symptoms, and the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were sampled after the intervention for metabolomic analysis using the ¹H-NMR technique. The results showed that both types of exercise effectively improved the depression-like symptoms, and the endurance exercise appeared to have a better effect. The levels of 10 metabolites from the gastrocnemius and 13 metabolites from the soleus of group D were found to be significantly different from that of group C, and both types of exercise had a callback effect on these metabolites, indicating that a number of metabolic pathways were involved in the depression and responded to the exercise interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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12 pages, 1666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Force Enhancement Is Present in Consecutive Post-Stretch Isometric Contractions of the Hamstrings during a Training Simulation

by Neil D. Chapman, John W. Whitting, Suzanne Broadbent, Zachary J. Crowley-McHattan and Rudi Meir

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(3), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031154 - 28 Jan 2021

Viewed by 2150

Abstract

Residual force enhancement (rFE) is observed when isometric force following an active stretch is elevated compared to an isometric contraction at corresponding muscle lengths. Acute rFE has been confirmed in vivo in upper and lower limb muscles. However, it is uncertain whether rFE persists using multiple, consecutive contractions as per a training simulation. Using the knee flexors, 10 recreationally active participants (seven males, three females; age 31.00 years ± 8.43 years) performed baseline isometric contractions at 150° knee flexion (180° representing terminal knee extension) of 50% maximal voluntary activation of semitendinosus. Participants performed post-stretch isometric (PS-ISO) contractions (three sets of 10 repetitions) starting at 90° knee extension with a joint rotation of 60° at 60°·s⁻¹ at 50% maximal voluntary activation of semitendinosus. Baseline isometric torque and muscle activation were compared to PS-ISO torque and muscle activation across all 30 repetitions. Significant rFE was noted in all repetitions (37.8–77.74%), with no difference in torque between repetitions or sets. There was no difference in activation of semitendinosus or biceps femoris long-head between baseline and PS-ISO contractions in all repetitions (ST; baseline ISO = 0.095–1.000 ± 0.036–0.039 Mv, PS-ISO = 0.094–0.098 ± 0.033–0.038 and BFlh; baseline ISO = 0.068–0.075 ± 0.031–0.038 Mv). This is the first investigation to observe rFE during multiple, consecutive submaximal PS-ISO contractions. PS-ISO contractions have the potential to be used as a training stimulus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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11 pages, 1143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Interventional Strategies to Improve Recovery after Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Fatigue

by Manuel García-Sillero, Javier Benítez-Porres, Jerónimo García-Romero, Diego A. Bonilla, Jorge L. Petro and Salvador Vargas-Molina

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020647 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 10044

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of various recovery techniques on muscle tissue after eccentric exercise-induced muscle fatigue (EIMF). Forty subjects (24.3 ± 2.6 years; 77.45 ± 8.3 kg; 177.0 ± 6.4 cm; 24.66 ± 1.6 kg∙m⁻²) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: manual therapy (n =10, MT), mechanical vibration (n = 10, MV), percussion therapy (n = 10, PT) or foam roller (n = 10, FR). The contraction time (Tc) and the radial displacement (Dm) of the gastrocnemius was evaluated through tensiomyography (TMG). The application of the different techniques had positive effects for Tc and Dm in the treated leg compared to the untreated leg (F = 50.01, p < 0.01, η²p = 0.58 and F = 27.58, p < 0.01, η²p = 0.43, respectively) and for the interaction of the factors (Time x Leg x Therapy: F = 5.76, p < 0.01, η²p = 0.32 and F = 5.93, p < 0.01, η²p = 0.33, respectively). The results of the various methods used were similar: Tc (F = 0.17, p = 0.917; η²p = 0.01) and Dm (F = 3.30, p = 0.031, η²p = 0.22). PT interventions show potential for restoring muscle compliance and reducing stiffness, similar to MT and possibly more effective (cost-time relationship) compared to MV or FR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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Review

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11 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chronic Effects of Foam Rolling on Flexibility and Performance: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Jeffrey Cayaban Pagaduan, Sheng-Yuan Chang and Nai-Jen Chang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4315; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074315 - 04 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4521

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to review the existing literature on chronic effects of foam rolling (FR) on flexibility and performance. Electronic databases were searched during January 2022 for topics related to FR. Included studies met the following criteria: (a) peer-reviewed articles written in English; (b) FR intervention of at least four weeks; (c) non-motorized FR device during intervention; (d) randomized controlled trial with existence of a control group; and (e) any lower body parameter related to flexibility, recovery, and performance. Nine studies met that criteria. Results revealed that chronic FR demonstrated conflicting results for improvement of flexibility. On the other hand, a majority of the articles in this review showed no beneficial effects of FR on performance. Lastly, the effect of FR on recovery is unclear. These findings suggest the need for further studies to establish the consensus about the long-term application of FR in flexibility, recovery, and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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12 pages, 1003 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Role of Endo/Sarcoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Ca²⁺ Transport in Diseases and Skeletal Muscle Function

by Shuang-Shuang Zhang, Shi Zhou, Zachary J. Crowley-McHattan, Rui-Yuan Wang and Jun-Ping Li

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(8), 3874; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083874 - 07 Apr 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3780

Abstract

The physical contact site between a mitochondrion and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), named the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM), has emerged as a fundamental platform for regulating the functions of the two organelles and several cellular processes. This includes Ca²⁺ transport from the ER to mitochondria, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, apoptosis signalling, ER stress signalling, redox reaction, and membrane structure maintenance. Consequently, the MAM is suggested to be involved in, and as a possible therapeutic target for, some common diseases and impairment in skeletal muscle function, such as insulin resistance and diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, age-related muscle atrophy, and exercise-induced muscle damage. In the past decade, evidence suggests that alterations in Ca²⁺ transport from the ER to mitochondria, mediated by the macromolecular complex formed by IP₃R, Grp75, and VDAC1, may be a universal mechanism for how ER-mitochondria cross-talk is involved in different physiological/pathological conditions mentioned above. A better understanding of the ER (or sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle)-mitochondria Ca²⁺ transport system may provide a new perspective for exploring the mechanism of how the MAM is involved in the pathology of diseases and skeletal muscle dysfunction. This review provides a summary of recent research findings in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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19 pages, 1118 KiB

Open AccessReview

Uncovering the Role of Different Instructional Designs When Learning Tactical Scenes of Play through Dynamic Visualizations: A Systematic Review

by Ghazi Rekik, Yosra Belkhir, Mohamed Jarraya, Mohamed Amine Bouzid, Yung-Sheng Chen and Cheng-Deng Kuo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010256 - 31 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3279

Abstract

Dynamic visualizations such as videos or animations have been developed to exchange information that transforms over time across a broad range of professional/academic contexts. However, such visual tools may impose substantial demands on the learner’s cognitive resources that are very limited in current knowledge. Cognitive load theory has been used to improve learning from dynamic visualizations by providing different instructional designs to manage learner cognitive load. This paper reviews a series of experimental studies assessing the effects of certain instructional designs on learning of tactical scenes of play through dynamic visualizations. An electronic database search was performed on the Web of Science and PubMed/Medline databases from inception to July 2020 using a combination of relevant keywords. Manual searches were also made. The search was limited to English language. A total of 515 records were screened by two researchers using the Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome(s) (PICO) criteria. The quality and validity of the included studies were assessed using “QualSyst”. Learning indicators in students and/or players (male and female) at any age category and competitive level were considered. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for this review, which focused on the effects of four instructional designs (i.e., using static visualizations, employing sequential presentation, applying segmentation, and decreasing presentation speed) on learning various game systems through dynamic visualizations. These studies indicate that (i) the effectiveness of all instructional designs depend upon the level of learners’ expertise when learning soccer/Australian football scenes through animations/videos, (ii) the effectiveness of using static visualizations instead of animations/videos showing soccer/basketball scenes depend upon the type of the depicted knowledge (i.e., motor knowledge or descriptive knowledge) for novice learners, (iii) the effectiveness of employing static visualizations and decreasing presentation speed when learning soccer/basketball scenes from animations/videos depend upon the level of content complexity, for novice learners. The current review demonstrated important practical implications for both coaches and physical education teachers using either animations and/or videos to communicate game systems. Indeed, findings suggested that adapting instructional designs to the level of learners’ expertise, type of depicted knowledge, and level of content complexity is a crucial part of effective tactical learning from dynamic visualizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuromuscular Responses and Adaptations in Exercise, Sport and Health)

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