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Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach

A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 39390

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mikio Ishiwatari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Graduate School of Frontier sciences, University of Tokyo, Chiba-ken 277-8563, Japan
Interests: disaster risk reduction; climate change adaptation; water issues
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Daisuke Sasaki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
Interests: disaster risk reduction; climate change adaptation; development studies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In 2015, three global agendas were adopted by the member states of the United Nations (UN): the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR), the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs), and the Paris Agreement. As is often pointed out, these three global agendas are mutually related. For instance, United Nations Climate Change Secretariat (2017) illustrated reducing vulnerability and enhancing resilience as the intersection of the three areas—Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), SDGs, and climate change adaptation (CCA). In addition, the SFDRR is considered to be an integral part of the SDGs, as described in the co-chairs’ summary of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (GP2019) held in Geneva in May 2019. At the same time, the SFDRR notes that “disasters, many of which are exacerbated by climate change and which are increasing in frequency and intensity, significantly impede progress towards sustainable development,” and thus, DRR is expected to have a catalytic role in scaling up action on climate adaptation and resilience. Based on the above global recognition, it is of great significance to investigate DRR and CCA in a holistic and interdisciplinary way as the three interrelated global agendas, namely the SFDRR, the SDGs, and the Paris Agreement, request. It is expected that this Special Issue will be comprised of more than ten papers on different dimensions of DRR and CCA that focus on various issues including public health such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Prof. Dr. Mikio Ishiwatari
Dr. Daisuke Sasaki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2500 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • disaster risk reduction (DRR)
  • climate change adaptation (CCA)
  • Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR)
  • 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs)
  • Paris Agreement
  • environment
  • public health
  • COVID-19 pandemic
  • disaster science
  • interdisciplinary approach

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Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 271 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach”
by Mikio Ishiwatari and Daisuke Sasaki
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032641 - 1 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1609
Abstract
The UN member states adopted three international agreements for the post-2015 agenda: the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, the Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

17 pages, 2425 KiB  
Article
Analyzing the Disaster Preparedness Capability of Local Government Using AHP: Zhengzhou 7.20 Rainstorm Disaster
by Linpei Zhai and Jae Eun Lee
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020952 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2727
Abstract
This study aimed to identify factors influencing disaster preparedness capability, measure and compare the relative importance of evaluation indicators of preparedness capability in a rainstorm disaster, and analyze the impact of these factors on disaster preparedness so as to improve disaster preparedness capability. [...] Read more.
This study aimed to identify factors influencing disaster preparedness capability, measure and compare the relative importance of evaluation indicators of preparedness capability in a rainstorm disaster, and analyze the impact of these factors on disaster preparedness so as to improve disaster preparedness capability. The evaluation model was proposed by constructing the target level (the first level) as an indicator system; this was divided into four indicators (the second level): planning, organization, equipment, and education and exercise, and 14 tertiary evaluation indicators (the third level). The validity of the evaluation index system was demonstrated, and the weight of each level was calculated using the Analytic Hierarchical Process and expert survey methods, taking the example of the Zhengzhou “7.20” rainstorm to conduct an empirical analysis of the proposed model. The weak points of disaster preparedness capability were identified. The empirical analysis revealed that organization scored the highest, followed by planning, equipment, and education and exercise, indicating the lack of disaster management equipment and resources, disaster management training, and exercise and public emergency safety education. These results will help in future decision-making, as they provide a clear understanding of what needs to be done to improve disaster preparedness capability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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14 pages, 584 KiB  
Article
Exploring People’s Perception of COVID-19 Risk: A Case Study of Greater Jakarta, Indonesia
by Dicky C. Pelupessy, Yasuhito Jibiki and Daisuke Sasaki
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(1), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010336 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1279
Abstract
This study aims to understand people’s perceptions of COVID-19 risk in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indonesian government enacted a health protocol campaign and highlighted the community as an important unit of protocol compliance. We hypothesized that people’s [...] Read more.
This study aims to understand people’s perceptions of COVID-19 risk in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Indonesian government enacted a health protocol campaign and highlighted the community as an important unit of protocol compliance. We hypothesized that people’s perception of the likelihood of being infected with COVID-19 is associated with health protocol compliance at the community level and their perception of community resilience. As the number of infected persons drastically increased, the “family cluster” also became a significant issue in the pandemic response, especially in Indonesia. In this study, we explored both community and family aspects that influence people’s perceptions. We conducted an online survey in March 2021 with 370 respondents residing in the Greater Jakarta area. The respondents were classified into four age groups (20s, 30s, 40s, and 50-and-over), with gender-balanced samples allocated to each group. We used a questionnaire to measure the perception of COVID-19 risk along with the Conjoint Community Resiliency Assessment Measure (CCRAM). Multiple regression analysis revealed that family factors have a much larger influence on the individual perception of the likelihood of contracting COVID-19 than community factors. The results suggest that the link between family-level efforts against COVID-19 and individual-level perceptions cannot be separated in response to the pandemic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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21 pages, 2824 KiB  
Article
Climate Change Adaptation Strategies at a Local Scale: The Portuguese Case Study
by Margarida Ramalho, José Carlos Ferreira and Catarina Jóia Santos
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(24), 16687; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416687 - 12 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2264
Abstract
Coastal areas are home to more than 2 billion people around the globe and, as such, are especially vulnerable to climate change consequences. Climate change adaptation has proven to be more effective on a local scale, contributing to a bottom-up approach to the [...] Read more.
Coastal areas are home to more than 2 billion people around the globe and, as such, are especially vulnerable to climate change consequences. Climate change adaptation has proven to be more effective on a local scale, contributing to a bottom-up approach to the problems related to the changing climate. Portugal has approximately 2000 km of coastline, with 75% of the population living along the coast. Therefore, this research had the main objective of understanding adaptation processes at a local scale, using Portuguese coastal municipalities as a case study. To achieve this goal, document analysis and a questionnaire to coastal municipalities were applied, and the existence of measures rooted in nature-based solutions, green infrastructures, and community-based adaptation was adopted as a variable. The main conclusion from this research is that 87% of the municipalities that answered the questionnaire have climate change adaptation strategies implemented or in development. Moreover, it was possible to conclude that 90% of the municipalities are familiar with the concept of nature-based solutions and all the municipalities with adaptation strategies include green infrastructure. However, it was also possible to infer that community-based adaptation is a concept that most municipalities do not know about or undervalue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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15 pages, 2563 KiB  
Article
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Quantify the Human Disaster Risk Perception and Its Influence on the Population at Risk: A Case Study of Longchi Town, China
by Shengnan Wu, Yu Lei and Wen Jin
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(24), 16393; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416393 - 7 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1281
Abstract
Understanding disaster risk perception is vital for community-based disaster risk reduction (DRR). This study was set to investigate the correlations between disaster risk perception and the population at risk. To address this research question, the current study conducted an interdisciplinary approach: a household [...] Read more.
Understanding disaster risk perception is vital for community-based disaster risk reduction (DRR). This study was set to investigate the correlations between disaster risk perception and the population at risk. To address this research question, the current study conducted an interdisciplinary approach: a household survey for measuring variables and constructed an Agent-based model for simulating the population at risk. Therefore, two correlations were defined, (1) between risk perception and willingness to evacuate, and (2) between willingness to evacuate and the population at risk. The willingness to evacuate was adopted as a mediator to determine the relationship between risk perception and the population at risk. The results show that the residents generally have a higher risk perception and willingness to evacuate because the study area frequently suffered from debris flow and flash floods. A positive correlation was found between risk perception and willingness to evacuate, and a negative correlation to the population at risk. However, a marginal effect was observed when raising public risk perception to reduce the number of the population at risk. This study provides an interdisciplinary approach to measuring disaster risk perception at the community level and helps policymakers select the most effective ways to reduce the population at risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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15 pages, 6392 KiB  
Article
Examining the Indirect Death Surveillance System of The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
by Xiang Zheng, Chuyao Feng and Mikio Ishiwatari
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912351 - 28 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2348
Abstract
The long-term mortality risk of natural disasters is a key threat to disaster resilience improvement, yet an authoritative certification and a reliable surveillance system are, unfortunately, yet to be established in many countries. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of post-disaster indirect [...] Read more.
The long-term mortality risk of natural disasters is a key threat to disaster resilience improvement, yet an authoritative certification and a reliable surveillance system are, unfortunately, yet to be established in many countries. This study aimed to clarify the mechanism of post-disaster indirect deaths in Japan, to improve the existing disaster recovery evaluation system and support decision making in public policy. This study first investigated the definition of indirect deaths via a literature review before examining the observed number of indirect deaths via case study, census data from the Population Demographic and Household Surveys, other social surveys, and reports in the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which severely damaged northeastern Japan, especially the three prefectures, which are the target areas in this context (i.e., Fukushima, Iwate, and Miyagi). It was found that the reported number of indirect deaths was significantly underestimated. In total, 4657 indirect deaths were estimated to have occurred in the target prefectures. This was higher than the reported number, which was 3784. The overall statistics established via collaboration between local administrations and governments can be improved to provide better reference for researchers and policymakers to investigate the long-term effects of natural disaster. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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13 pages, 913 KiB  
Article
People’s Perception of Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study in Japan
by Daisuke Sasaki, Anawat Suppasri, Haruka Tsukuda, David N. Nguyen, Yasuaki Onoda and Fumihiko Imamura
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(19), 12146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912146 - 25 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1408
Abstract
This study aims to examine people’s perception of well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and quantitatively clarify key factors towards realizing evidence-based policymaking. In March 2022, 400 participants responded to a survey conducted through Rakuten Insight. The authors applied an ordinal logistic [...] Read more.
This study aims to examine people’s perception of well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and quantitatively clarify key factors towards realizing evidence-based policymaking. In March 2022, 400 participants responded to a survey conducted through Rakuten Insight. The authors applied an ordinal logistic regression (OLR), followed by principal component analysis (PCA), to create a new compound indicator (CI) to represent people’s perception of well-being during the pandemic in addition to ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with a forward-backward stepwise selection method, where the dependent variable is the principal component score of the first principal component (PC1), while the independent variables are the same as the abovementioned OLR. Consequently, while analyzing OLR, some independent variables showed statistical significance, while the CI provided an option to grasp people’s perception of well-being. Furthermore, family structure was statistically significant in all cases of OLR and OLS. Moreover, in terms of the standardized coefficients (beta) of OLS, the family structure had the greatest impact on the CI. Based on the study results, the authors advocate that the Japanese government should pay more attention to single-person households affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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14 pages, 3406 KiB  
Article
Rapid Estimation of Earthquake Fatalities in Mainland China Based on Physical Simulation and Empirical Statistics—A Case Study of the 2021 Yangbi Earthquake
by Yilong Li, Zhenguo Zhang, Wenqiang Wang and Xuping Feng
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(11), 6820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116820 - 2 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1911
Abstract
At present, earthquakes cannot be predicted. Scientific decision-making and rescue after an earthquake are the main means of mitigating the immediate consequences of earthquake disasters. If emergency response level and earthquake-related fatalities can be estimated rapidly and quantitatively, this estimation will provide timely, [...] Read more.
At present, earthquakes cannot be predicted. Scientific decision-making and rescue after an earthquake are the main means of mitigating the immediate consequences of earthquake disasters. If emergency response level and earthquake-related fatalities can be estimated rapidly and quantitatively, this estimation will provide timely, scientific guidance to government organizations and relevant institutions to make decisions on earthquake relief and resource allocation, thereby reducing potential losses. To achieve this goal, a rapid earthquake fatality estimation method for Mainland China is proposed herein, based on a combination of physical simulations and empirical statistics. The numerical approach was based on the three-dimensional (3-D) curved grid finite difference method (CG-FDM), implemented for graphics processing unit (GPU) architecture, to rapidly simulate the entire physical propagation of the seismic wavefield from the source to the surface for a large-scale natural earthquake over a 3-D undulating terrain. Simulated seismic intensity data were used as an input for the fatality estimation model to estimate the fatality and emergency response level. The estimation model was developed by regression analysis of the data on human loss, intensity distribution, and population exposure from the Mainland China Composite Damaging Earthquake Catalog (MCCDE-CAT). We used the 2021 Ms 6.4 Yangbi earthquake as a study case to provide estimated results within 1 h after the earthquake. The number of fatalities estimated by the model was in the range of 0–10 (five expected fatalities). Therefore, Level IV earthquake emergency response plan should have been activated (the government actually overestimated the damage and activated a Level II emergency response plan). The local government finally reported three deaths during this earthquake, which is consistent with the model predictions. We also conducted a case study on a 2013 Ms7.0 earthquake in the discussion, which further proved the effectiveness of the method. The proposed method will play an important role in post-earthquake emergency response and disaster assessment in Mainland China. It can assist decision-makers to undertake scientifically-based actions to mitigate the consequences of earthquakes and could be used as a reference approach for any country or region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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17 pages, 873 KiB  
Article
Analysis in the Influencing Factors of Climate-Responsive Behaviors of Maize Growers: Evidence from China
by Hongpeng Guo, Yujie Xia, Chulin Pan, Qingyong Lei and Hong Pan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074274 - 2 Apr 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1699
Abstract
Due to the natural production properties, agriculture has been adversely affected by global warming. As an important link between individual household farmers and modern agriculture, it is crucial to study the influence of agricultural productive services on farmers’ climate-responsive behaviors to promote sustainable [...] Read more.
Due to the natural production properties, agriculture has been adversely affected by global warming. As an important link between individual household farmers and modern agriculture, it is crucial to study the influence of agricultural productive services on farmers’ climate-responsive behaviors to promote sustainable development and improve agricultural production. In this paper, a questionnaire survey has been conducted among 374 maize farmers by using the combination of typical sampling and random sampling in Jilin Province of China. Moreover, the Poisson regression and the multi-variate Probit model have been used to analyze the effects of agricultural productive services on the choices of climate-responsive behaviors as well as the intensity of the behaviors. The results have shown that the switch to suitable varieties according to the frost-free period have been mostly common among maize growers in Jilin province. Agricultural productive services have a significant effect on the adoption intensity of climate- responsive behaviors, at the 1% level. Based on this conclusion, this paper proposes policy recommendations for establishing a sound agricultural social service system and strengthening the support for agricultural productive services. It has certain reference significance for avoiding climate risk and reducing agricultural pollution in regions with similar production characteristics worldwide. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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17 pages, 13687 KiB  
Article
Disaster Risk Reduction Funding: Investment Cycle for Flood Protection in Japan
by Mikio Ishiwatari and Daisuke Sasaki
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063346 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2421
Abstract
Background: Investment in disaster risk reduction is crucial in order to mitigate disaster damage. However, for many countries, particularly developing ones, financing investment in disaster risk reduction is challenging. This study aims to examine the factors that affect investments in flood protection and [...] Read more.
Background: Investment in disaster risk reduction is crucial in order to mitigate disaster damage. However, for many countries, particularly developing ones, financing investment in disaster risk reduction is challenging. This study aims to examine the factors that affect investments in flood protection and the approaches to securing investments by analyzing investment trends in Japan. Methods: This study examines 150 years of flood protection and investment cycles that helped reduce damages in Japan. The dataset of flood protection budgets, flood damage, and national income since 1878 was created from public statistics. Documents and reports concerned with disaster management, river management, and finance were examined. Results: The study found five investment cycles of flood protection from the late 19th century to the present. The country established financing mechanisms, such as legislation and long-term plans, following major flood disasters. However, external shocks such as war, economic recession, disaster, and tightened national finance had a major impact on these investments. The fluctuations in the budget created an investment cycle. The country had increased its budget to 0.9% of its national income in the 1990s. It often experienced flood damage accounting for over 1% of the national income until 1961, but succeeded in decreasing the damage to less than 1%, and currently it is limited to less than 0.4%. Conclusions: The financial mechanisms established from the long-term perspective could support an increase in budgets for flood protection, leading to a decrease in damage. However, established financing mechanisms may weaken the financial flexibility of the country. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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16 pages, 541 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Climate-Change-Related Disasters on Africa’s Economic Growth, Agriculture, and Conflicts: Can Humanitarian Aid and Food Assistance Offset the Damage?
by Go Shimada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010467 - 1 Jan 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5029
Abstract
This study analyzed the impact of climate-related natural disasters (droughts, floods, storms/rainstorms) on economic and social variables. As the Africa-specific empirical literature is limited, this study used panel data from 1961–2011 on Africa. The study used a panel data regression model analysis. The [...] Read more.
This study analyzed the impact of climate-related natural disasters (droughts, floods, storms/rainstorms) on economic and social variables. As the Africa-specific empirical literature is limited, this study used panel data from 1961–2011 on Africa. The study used a panel data regression model analysis. The results showed that climate change-related natural disasters affected Africa’s economic growth, agriculture, and poverty and caused armed conflicts. Among the disasters, droughts are the main cause of negative impact, severely affecting crops such as maize and coffee and resulting in increased urban poverty and armed conflicts. In contrast, international aid has a positive effect but the impact is insignificant compared to the negative consequences of climate-related natural disasters. Cereal food assistance has a negative crowding-out effect on cereal production. International donors should review their interventions to support Africa’s adaptative capacity to disasters. Government efficiency has reduced the number of deaths, and this is an area that supports Africa’s adaptative efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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21 pages, 9629 KiB  
Article
Assessment on Temporal and Spatial Variation Analysis of Extreme Temperature Indices: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Basin
by Guangxun Shi and Peng Ye
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(20), 10936; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010936 - 18 Oct 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2378
Abstract
Extreme temperature change is one of the most urgent challenges facing our society. In recent years, extreme temperature has exerted a considerable influence on society and the global ecosystem. The Yangtze River Basin is not only an important growth belt of China’s social [...] Read more.
Extreme temperature change is one of the most urgent challenges facing our society. In recent years, extreme temperature has exerted a considerable influence on society and the global ecosystem. The Yangtze River Basin is not only an important growth belt of China’s social and economic development, but also the main commodity grain base in China. The purpose of this study is to study the extreme temperature indices in the Yangtze River Basin. In this study, the Mann–Kendall nonparametric test and R/S analysis method are used to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of major extreme temperature indices in the Yangtze River Basin from 1970 to 2014. The main conclusions are drawn as follows: (1) The occurrence of cold days (TX10), cold nights (TN10), ice days (ID), and frost days (FD) decrease at a rate of −0.66–−2.5 d/10a, respectively, while the occurrence of warm days (TX90), warm nights (TN90), summer days (SU), and tropical nights (TR) show statistically significant increasing trends at a rate of 2.2–4.73 d/10a. (2) The trends of the coldest day (TXn), coldest night (TNn), warmest day (TXx), warmest night (TNx), and diurnal temperature range (DTR), range from −0.003 to 0.5 °C/10a. (3) Spatially, the main cold indices and warm indices increase and decrease the most in the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin. (4) DTR and TN90 show no abrupt changes; the main cold indices changed abruptly in the 1980s and the main warm indices changed abruptly in the late 1990s and early 2000s. (5) The extreme temperature indices are affected by the atmospheric circulation and urban heat island effect in the Yangtze River Basin. Relative indices and absolute indices will continue to maintain the present trend in the future. In short, the main cold indices of extreme temperature indices show a decreasing trend, the main warm indices of extreme temperature indices show an increasing trend, and cold indices and warm indices will continue to maintain the present trend in the future in the Yangtze River Basin. Extreme temperature has an important impact on agriculture, social, and economic development. Therefore, extreme temperature prediction and monitoring must be strengthened to reduce losses caused by extreme temperature disasters and to promote the sustainable development in Yangtze River Basin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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22 pages, 8162 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Risk Assessment of High Temperature Disaster to Kiwifruit in Shaanxi Province, China
by Yining Ma, Suri Guga, Jie Xu, Jiquan Zhang, Zhijun Tong and Xingpeng Liu
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910437 - 4 Oct 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2173
Abstract
In recent years, the main kiwifruit producing region, central-south Shaanxi Province, has often suffered from the threat of extreme high temperatures. Assessing the risk of high-temperature disasters in the region is essential for the rational planning of agricultural production and the development of [...] Read more.
In recent years, the main kiwifruit producing region, central-south Shaanxi Province, has often suffered from the threat of extreme high temperatures. Assessing the risk of high-temperature disasters in the region is essential for the rational planning of agricultural production and the development of resilience measures. In this study, a database was established to assess the risk of a high-temperature disaster to kiwifruit. Then, four aspects, hazard, vulnerability, exposure and disaster prevention and mitigation capacity, were taken into account and 19 indexes were selected to make an assessment of the risk of a high-temperature disaster. At the same time, 16 indexes were selected for the assessment of the climatic suitability of kiwifruit in terms of light, heat, water, soil and topography, and were used as one of the indexes for exposure assessment. The analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weighting method were combined to solve the weights for each index. The results reveal that: (1) The Guanzhong Plain has a high climatic suitability for kiwifruit, accounting for 15.14% of the study area. (2) The central part of the study area and southern Shaanxi are at high risk, accounting for 22.7% of the study area. The major kiwifruit producing areas in Shaanxi Province (e.g., Baoji) are at a low risk level, which is conducive to the development of the kiwifruit industry. Our study is the first to provide a comprehensive assessment of the risk of a high-temperature disaster to the economic fruit kiwifruit, providing a reference for disaster resilience and mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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17 pages, 11556 KiB  
Article
Assessment on Agricultural Drought Vulnerability and Spatial Heterogeneity Study in China
by Hongpeng Guo, Jia Chen and Chulin Pan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4449; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094449 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2550
Abstract
Reducing drought vulnerability is a basis to achieve sustainable development in agriculture. The study focuses on agricultural drought vulnerability in China by selecting 12 indicators from two aspects: drought sensitivity and resilience to drought. In this study, the degree of agricultural drought vulnerability [...] Read more.
Reducing drought vulnerability is a basis to achieve sustainable development in agriculture. The study focuses on agricultural drought vulnerability in China by selecting 12 indicators from two aspects: drought sensitivity and resilience to drought. In this study, the degree of agricultural drought vulnerability in China has been evaluated by entropy weight method and weighted comprehensive scoring method. The influencing factors have also been analyzed by a contribution model. The results show that: (1) From 1978 to 2018, agricultural drought vulnerability showed a decreasing trend in China with more less vulnerable to mildly vulnerable cities, and less highly vulnerable cities. At the same time, there is a trend where highly vulnerable cities have been converted to mildly vulnerable cities, whereas mildly vulnerable cities have been converted to less vulnerable cities. (2) This paper analyzes the influencing factors of agricultural drought vulnerability by dividing China into six geographic regions. It reveals that the contribution rate of resilience index is over 50% in the central, southern, and eastern parts of China, where agricultural drought vulnerability is relatively low. However, the contribution rate of sensitivity is 75% in the Southwest and Northwest region, where the agricultural drought vulnerability is relatively high. Among influencing factors, the multiple-crop index, the proportion of the rural population and the forest coverage rate have higher contribution rate. This study carries reference significance for understanding the vulnerability of agricultural drought in China and it provides measures for drought prevention and mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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17 pages, 369 KiB  
Article
People’s Response to Potential Natural Hazard-Triggered Technological Threats after a Sudden-Onset Earthquake in Indonesia
by Fatma Lestari, Yasuhito Jibiki, Daisuke Sasaki, Dicky Pelupessy, Agustino Zulys and Fumihiko Imamura
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(7), 3369; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073369 - 24 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2526
Abstract
(1) Background: We aim to examine whether people activate initial protection behavior, adopt evacuation behavior, worry about the possibility of a tsunami, and consider natural hazard-triggered technological (Natech) situations in a sudden-onset earthquake. The literature suggests that risk perception is a significant predictor [...] Read more.
(1) Background: We aim to examine whether people activate initial protection behavior, adopt evacuation behavior, worry about the possibility of a tsunami, and consider natural hazard-triggered technological (Natech) situations in a sudden-onset earthquake. The literature suggests that risk perception is a significant predictor of people’s response to potential Natech threats. We aim to empirically verify the variables relating to people’s responses. (2) Methods: We conducted a household survey following a January 2018 earthquake in Indonesia. (3) Results: Immediately after the earthquake, almost 30% of the respondents assembled at the evacuation point. However, sequential steps of people’s response were not observed: evacuation immediately after the earthquake was due to worry about the possibility of a tsunami, but this worry was not related to Natech damage estimation. The relevant factors for evacuation behavior were information access, worry about the possibility of a tsunami, and knowledge of groups and programs related to disaster risk reduction (DRR). The survey location (two villages), perceived earthquake risk, and DRR activity participation are less relevant to the behavior of assembling at the evacuation point. (4) Conclusions: Contrary to the existing literature, our results do not support that higher risk perception is associated with evacuation behavior, or that immediate evacuation is related to foreseeing cascading sequential consequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)

Review

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21 pages, 1374 KiB  
Review
Adaptation to Disaster Risk—An Overview
by Huicong Jia, Fang Chen and Enyu Du
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11187; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111187 - 25 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3358
Abstract
The role of natural disaster adaptation is increasingly being considered in academic research. The Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goal 13 require measuring the progress made on this adaptation. This review summarizes the development stages of adaptation, the multiple attributes and analysis of [...] Read more.
The role of natural disaster adaptation is increasingly being considered in academic research. The Paris Agreement and Sustainable Development Goal 13 require measuring the progress made on this adaptation. This review summarizes the development stages of adaptation, the multiple attributes and analysis of adaptation definitions, the models and methods for adaptation analysis, and the research progress of natural disaster adaptation. Adaptation research methods are generally classified into two types: case analysis and mathematical models. The current adaptive research in the field of natural disasters focuses primarily on the response of the social economy, especially the adaptive decision making and risk perception at farm-level scales (farmer households). The evaluation cases of adaptation in the field of disasters exist mostly as a part of vulnerability evaluation. Adaptation and adaptive capacity should focus on four core issues: adaptation to what; who or what adapts; how does adaptation occur; what is adaptation; and how good is the adaptation. The main purpose of the “spatial scale–exposure–vulnerability” three-dimensional scales of adaptation assessment is to explore the differences in index system under different scenarios, the spatial pattern of adaptations, and the geographical explanation of its formation mechanism. The results of this study can help and guide future research on integrating climate change and disaster adaptations especially in regional sustainable development and risk reduction strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation: An Interdisciplinary Approach)
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