Examining the Indirect Death Surveillance System of The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Data and Tools
2.2. Method
3. Results
Literature Review
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CDC | Center for Disease Control and Prevention. |
GEJE | Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. |
MHLW | Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. |
NOAA | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. |
NWS | National Weather Service. |
UNDRR | United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. |
WHO | World Health Organization. |
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Reference | Terminology | Time frame | Definition/Description |
---|---|---|---|
Cabinet Office (2020) [9] | Disaster-related death | No implication | Death due to injuries aggravated by disaster hazards or illness caused by physical burden during evacuation |
Loris et al. (2007) [3] | Indirect Death | Two weeks | Death resulting from suicide; fatal injury occurring during clean-up; post-disaster pulmonary embolism on account of sheltering in motor vehicles. |
Disaster-Triggered Deaths | Two weeks; one year | Death resulting from disruption of care for post-disaster chronic illness; suicide. | |
Asim et al. (2006) [38]; NWS/NOAA (2005) [39] | Indirect Death | No implication | Death that occurs in the vicinity of a hydro-meteorological event, or after it had ended, but were not directly caused by impact or debris from the event. |
Ueda et al.(1996) [25]; Ueda (2014) [40]; Ueda (2016) [41] | Post-disaster-related death | 72 h; two or three weeks depends on the scale; three months | Deaths due to indirect causes such as psychological shock and severe evacuation conditions, even if the disaster did not cause a wound. |
Debra (1999) [7]; CDC (2017) [42] | Indirectly related disaster death | Any phase | Death that occurs when the unsafe or unhealthy conditions present during any phase of the disaster (i.e., pre-event, during the actual occurrence, or post-event). |
Nagaoka (2004); MHLW (2011); Miyamoto (2013) [43] | Disaster-related death | One month; six months | Death that occurs due to abrupt change of environment or suicide caused by mental illness or stress from the disaster during six months post disaster. |
Ehren B. (2001) [44] | Indirect death | Approximately two weeks following the event. | Deaths not primarily resulting from the initial and physical impact the hurricane. |
Nishant et al. (2018) [45] | Indirect death | No implication | Deaths resulting from worsening of chronic conditions or from delayed medical treatments that may not be captured on death certificates. |
Hyogo Prefecture, MHLW (1995) [36] | Disaster-related death | No implication | Deaths certified by the Disaster Condolence Grants Committee with a reasonable causal relationship to the earthquake disaster. |
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Zheng, X.; Feng, C.; Ishiwatari, M. Examining the Indirect Death Surveillance System of The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912351
Zheng X, Feng C, Ishiwatari M. Examining the Indirect Death Surveillance System of The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912351
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Xiang, Chuyao Feng, and Mikio Ishiwatari. 2022. "Examining the Indirect Death Surveillance System of The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12351. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912351