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The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in...
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The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy

A special issue of Hydrogen (ISSN 2673-4141).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2026) | Viewed by 11307

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Isabel Cabrita

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Retired, ISEC Lisboa–Escola de Gestão, Engenharia e Aeronáutica, Alameda das Linhas de Torres, 179, 1750-142 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: hydrogen production by thermochemical conversion processes; renewable and advanced fuels; combustion; NOx formation and destruction; CO2 capture and use; integrated energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The global pursuit of decarbonization has propelled hydrogen to the forefront of clean energy research and development. As the world transitions towards a sustainable energy future, the practical implementation of hydrogen technologies across various sectors is paramount. This Special Issue will focus on the critical research and innovations that are driving the widespread adoption of hydrogen, with a dual focus on advancing end-use applications and ensuring the highest standards of safety in hydrogen handling and infrastructure.

This is an invitation for the submission of high-quality original research articles, comprehensive reviews, and forward-looking perspective studies that address the pressing challenges and opportunities in the establishment of a hydrogen economy. This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals to share their latest findings and insights, fostering collaboration and accelerating the transition to a safe and efficient hydrogen-powered society.

Key Themes and Topics of Interest

This Special Issue will be organized around two central pillars: end-use hydrogen applications and safety in hydrogen handling. 

Advancing End-Use Hydrogen Applications

The successful integration of hydrogen into our energy systems hinges on the development and optimization of a wide array of end-use applications. This Special Issue welcomes submissions that explore the novel use of hydrogen and improvements in existing hydrogen-based technologies across various sectors, including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Transportation: Innovations in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (light-duty, heavy-duty, and public transport), advancements in hydrogen-powered aviation and maritime transport, and the development of efficient and accessible hydrogen refueling infrastructure.
  • Industrial Decarbonization: The use of hydrogen as a clean fuel and feedstock in industries such as steel, cement, and chemical manufacturing. Research on high-temperature heat applications, green ammonia and methanol production, and the retrofitting of existing industrial processes for hydrogen use is of particular interest.
  • Power Generation and Energy Storage: The role of hydrogen in grid stabilization, long-duration energy storage, and power-to-gas-to-power solutions. This includes research on hydrogen turbines, advanced fuel cell technologies for stationary power, and the integration of hydrogen with renewable energy sources.
  • Built Environment: The application of hydrogen for heating and power in residential and commercial buildings. Topics of interest include hydrogen blending with natural gas, the development of hydrogen-specific appliances, and fuel cell micro-cogeneration systems.

Ensuring Safety in a Hydrogen World

The unique properties of hydrogen necessitate a robust framework for its safe production, storage, transport, and utilization. This Special Issue will highlight cutting-edge research and best practices aimed at mitigating the risks associated with hydrogen technologies, welcoming contributions on the following topics:

  • Materials Science and Integrity: Research on hydrogen embrittlement; the development of hydrogen-compatible materials for pipelines, storage tanks, and other components; and advanced coatings and liners to ensure long-term durability and safety.
  • Sensor Technology and Leak Detection: Innovations in the development of sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective hydrogen sensors for a variety of applications, from industrial facilities to consumer vehicles. This includes advancements in sensor materials, remote sensing technologies, and intelligent monitoring systems.
  • Risk Assessment and Management: Novel methodologies for quantitative risk assessment (QRA), consequence modeling of hydrogen leaks and combustion events, and the development of inherently safer designs for hydrogen systems.
  • Codes, Standards, and Regulations: Analysis of existing codes and standards, identification of gaps, and proposals for the harmonization of international regulations to ensure a consistent and high level of safety across the global hydrogen value chain.
  • Hydrogen Handling and Emergency Response: Best practices for the safe handling of liquid and gaseous hydrogen, training protocols for personnel, and strategies for effective emergency response to hydrogen-related incidents.

Prof. Dr. Isabel Cabrita
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Hydrogen is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • hydrogen economy
  • end-use applications
  • hydrogen safety
  • fuel cell technologies
  • industrial decarbonization
  • energy storage
  • hydrogen infrastructure
  • risk assessment and management

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

19 pages, 1093 KB  
Article
Understanding the Application Envelope for Metal Hydride Compressors (Techno-Economic Considerations)
by Ashleigh Cousins, Nikolai Kinaev, Sandy Edwards, Matt Langley and Evan MacA. Gray
Hydrogen 2026, 7(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen7010035 - 26 Feb 2026
Viewed by 433
Abstract
Currently, H2 compression is one of the highest-cost items, both in terms of capital and operating costs, at H2 refuelling stations. Metal hydride (MH) compressors are an alternative H2 compression technology, which uses heat rather than electricity to provide the [...] Read more.
Currently, H2 compression is one of the highest-cost items, both in terms of capital and operating costs, at H2 refuelling stations. Metal hydride (MH) compressors are an alternative H2 compression technology, which uses heat rather than electricity to provide the driving force for compression. Where waste heat is available, these compressors have the potential to be lower in cost than current mechanical alternatives. While the development of metal hydride compressors has been underway for the last 40–50 years, only a few have made it through to demonstration at industrial sites. To better understand where these compressors see best potential, we have completed a high-level assessment of the levelised costs associated with MH compression. We explore the impact of cost assumptions (capital and operating cost items) on the overall cost of MH compression over an assumed 10-year life. Results indicate that MH compressors have similar capital costs to currently available mechanical compressors but have a significant advantage in operating costs where waste or solar heat is available. This analysis highlights that it is the cost of energy that has the greatest impact on the cost competitiveness of the metal hydride compressor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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20 pages, 892 KB  
Article
Assessment of Russia’s Green Hydrogen Demand Potential and Realization Pathways: A Scenario Analysis with Learning Curve Dynamics
by Svetlana Ratner, Konstantin Gomonov, Sos Khachikyan and Artem Shaposhnikov
Hydrogen 2026, 7(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen7010028 - 21 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1012
Abstract
This study develops an integrated analytical framework to assess Russia’s green hydrogen demand potential and cost-competitiveness pathways across the steel production and road transport sectors. Using bottom-up sectoral analysis, we estimate Russia’s theoretical hydrogen demand potential at approximately 18.2 Mt/year. Three policy scenarios [...] Read more.
This study develops an integrated analytical framework to assess Russia’s green hydrogen demand potential and cost-competitiveness pathways across the steel production and road transport sectors. Using bottom-up sectoral analysis, we estimate Russia’s theoretical hydrogen demand potential at approximately 18.2 Mt/year. Three policy scenarios model demand realization trajectories under differentiated support regimes, calibrated to European alternative fuel vehicle diffusion patterns and Russian statistical data. A learning curve framework projects green hydrogen costs as an endogenous function of cumulative production, with learning rates of 5% and 10.1% representing conservative and optimistic technology development pathways. Results indicate that under realistic policy support and 10.1% learning rates, hydrogen costs decline from USD 15/kg to USD 7.23/kg by 2050, reaching the USD 10/kg competitiveness threshold by approximately 2035. However, Russia’s costs remain 2–4 times higher than global optimal-location projections due to scale disadvantages and infrastructure constraints. Policy recommendations emphasize front-loaded support mechanisms, export market integration with EAEU partners, and electrolyzer technology localization to accelerate learning effects and achieve cost competitiveness within mid-term planning horizons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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27 pages, 2526 KB  
Article
Thermodynamic Modelling and Sensitivity Analysis of a 70 MPa Hydrogen Storage System for Heavy Duty Vehicles
by Roberta Tatti, Nejc Klopčič, Fabian Radner, Christian Zinner and Alexander Trattner
Hydrogen 2026, 7(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen7010008 - 8 Jan 2026
Viewed by 691
Abstract
Reducing CO2 emissions in transport requires sustainable alternatives such as fuel cell electric vehicles. A critical challenge is the efficient and safe storage and fast refueling of hydrogen at 70 MPa. This study proposes a practical design-support tool to optimize hydrogen storage [...] Read more.
Reducing CO2 emissions in transport requires sustainable alternatives such as fuel cell electric vehicles. A critical challenge is the efficient and safe storage and fast refueling of hydrogen at 70 MPa. This study proposes a practical design-support tool to optimize hydrogen storage systems for heavy-duty vehicles with capacities up to 100 kg. A customizable, dynamic Matlab-Simulink model was developed, including all components from dispenser to onboard tanks, enabling evaluation of multiple design options. The aim is to provide clear guidelines to ensure fast, safe, and complete refueling compliant with SAE J2601-5 limits. Simulations showed Type III tanks deliver the best performance. The fastest refueling (~10 min) was achieved with shorter pipes, larger diameters and low temperatures (20 °C ambient, −40 °C dispenser), while Average Pressure Ramp Rate was maximized up to 9 MPa/min (220 g/s of hydrogen from the dispenser) without exceeding SAE limits for pressure and temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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30 pages, 10269 KB  
Article
Deep Learning-Driven Solar Fault Detection in Solar–Hydrogen AIoT Systems: Implementing CNN VGG16, ResNet-50, DenseNet121, and EfficientNetB0 in a University-Based Framework
by Salaki Reynaldo Joshua, Kenneth Yosua Palilingan, Salvius Paulus Lengkong and Sanguk Park
Hydrogen 2026, 7(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen7010001 - 19 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2383
Abstract
The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into smart grids necessitates robust, real-time fault detection mechanisms, particularly in resource-constrained environments like the Solar–Hydrogen AIoT microgrid framework at a university. This study conducts a comparative analysis of four prominent Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures [...] Read more.
The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into smart grids necessitates robust, real-time fault detection mechanisms, particularly in resource-constrained environments like the Solar–Hydrogen AIoT microgrid framework at a university. This study conducts a comparative analysis of four prominent Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures VGG16, ResNet-50, DenseNet121, and EfficientNetB0 to determine the optimal model for low-latency, edge-based fault diagnosis. The models were trained and validated on a dataset of solar panel images featuring multiple fault types. Quantitatively, DenseNet121 achieved the highest classification accuracy at 86.00%, demonstrating superior generalization and feature extraction capabilities. However, when considering the stringent requirements of an AIoT system, computational efficiency became the decisive factor. EfficientNetB0 emerged as the most suitable architecture, delivering an acceptable accuracy of 80.00% while featuring the smallest model size (5.3 M parameters) and a fast inference time (approx. 26 ms/step). This efficiency-to-accuracy balance makes EfficientNetB0 ideal for deployment on edge computing nodes where memory and real-time processing are critical limitations. DenseNet121 achieved 86% accuracy, while EfficientNetB0 achieved 80% accuracy with lowest model size and fastest inference time. This research provides a validated methodology for implementing efficient deep learning solutions in sustainable, intelligent energy management systems. The novelty of this work lies in its deployment-focused comparison of CNN architectures tailored for real-time inference on resource-constrained Solar–Hydrogen AIoT systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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26 pages, 4657 KB  
Article
Robust Optimisation of an Online Energy and Power Management Strategy for a Hybrid Fuel Cell Battery Shunting Locomotive
by Thomas Maugis, Jérémy Ziliani, Samuel Hibon, Didier Chamagne and David Bouquain
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040093 - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 811
Abstract
Shunting locomotives exhibit a wide and unpredictable range of power profiles. This unpredictability makes it impossible to rely on offline optimizations or predictive methods combined with online optimization. To maintain optimal performance across this broad range of operating conditions, the online control strategy [...] Read more.
Shunting locomotives exhibit a wide and unpredictable range of power profiles. This unpredictability makes it impossible to rely on offline optimizations or predictive methods combined with online optimization. To maintain optimal performance across this broad range of operating conditions, the online control strategy must be robust. This article proposes a robust method to determine the optimal parameter combinations for an online energy management strategy of a hybrid fuel cell battery shunting locomotive, ensuring optimality across all scenario conditions. The first step involves extracting a statistically representative subspace for simulation, both in terms of parameter combinations and scenario conditions. A response surface model (numerical twin) is then constructed to extrapolate results across the entire space based on this simulated subspace. Using this model, the optimal solution is identified through metaheuristic algorithms (minimization search). Finally, the proposed solution is validated against a set of expert-defined scenarios. The result of the methodology ensures robust optimization across an infinite number of scenarios by minimizing the impact on both the fuel cell and the battery, without increasing mission costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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23 pages, 1004 KB  
Article
Who Is in and How? A Comprehensive Study on Stakeholder Perspectives in the Green Hydrogen Sector in Luxembourg
by Mariangela Vespa and Jan Hildebrand
Hydrogen 2025, 6(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen6040087 - 14 Oct 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1399
Abstract
Green hydrogen has the potential to contribute to the decarbonization of the fossil fuel industry, and its development is expected to increase in the coming years. The social dynamics among the various actors in the green hydrogen sector are studied to understand their [...] Read more.
Green hydrogen has the potential to contribute to the decarbonization of the fossil fuel industry, and its development is expected to increase in the coming years. The social dynamics among the various actors in the green hydrogen sector are studied to understand their public perception. Using the technological innovation system research approach for the stakeholder analysis and the qualitative thematic analysis method for the interviews with experts, this study presents an overview of the actors in the green hydrogen sector and their relations in Luxembourg. As a central European country with strategic political and geographic relevance, Luxembourg offers a timely case for analyzing public perception before the large-scale implementation of green hydrogen. Observing this early stage allows for future comparative insights as the national hydrogen strategy progresses. Results show high expectations for green hydrogen in mobility and industry, but concerns persist over infrastructure costs, safety, and public awareness. Regional stakeholders demonstrate a strong willingness to collaborate, recognizing that local public acceptance still requires effort, particularly in areas such as clear and inclusive communication, sharing knowledge, and fostering trust. These findings provide practical insights for stakeholder engagement strategies and theoretical contributions to the study of social dynamics in sustainability transitions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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Review

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30 pages, 2545 KB  
Review
Economic and Environmental Impact of Water and Biomass Resources for Hydrogen Production in South Africa
by Mboneni Charity Mbengwa, Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh and Sudesh Rathilal
Hydrogen 2026, 7(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen7020048 - 9 Apr 2026
Viewed by 540
Abstract
This study compares hydrogen production pathways from water—using renewable-powered electrolysis (alkaline, water-based)—and biomass (gasification), under harmonized system boundaries and a common functional unit of 1 kg H2 at 99.97% purity. It examines technological efficiency and environmental impacts, including cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessments [...] Read more.
This study compares hydrogen production pathways from water—using renewable-powered electrolysis (alkaline, water-based)—and biomass (gasification), under harmonized system boundaries and a common functional unit of 1 kg H2 at 99.97% purity. It examines technological efficiency and environmental impacts, including cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) of each pathway, focusing on global warming potential (GWP100), water consumption, land use, acidification, cumulative energy demand, and the critical minerals footprint. The analysis highlights the roles of water electrolysis and biomass gasification within South Africa’s energy landscape, considering the integration of renewable electricity, energy quality, and co-product allocation. Economic factors, such as the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH), are evaluated alongside environmental indicators. The study emphasises the environmental challenges of biomass gasification, notably water use and emissions, and contrasts these with the climate benefits of renewable-powered electrolysis. It also reviews policy initiatives and government programs that support hydrogen and sustainable energy in South Africa, aligning with the SDGs. Overall, the findings underscore the trade-offs in hydrogen development, emphasising opportunities for resource utilisation while addressing deployment challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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46 pages, 2279 KB  
Review
Alternative Maritime Fuels for Net-Zero Shipping: A Comprehensive Operational, Techno-Economic and Regulatory Review
by Nikolaos Diamantakis, Nikolaos Xynopoulos, Jil Sheth, John Andresen and Mercedes Maroto-Valer
Hydrogen 2026, 7(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen7010036 - 2 Mar 2026
Viewed by 2265
Abstract
The maritime shipping industry faces the challenge of decarbonising its operations while maintaining economic viability. We present a comprehensive techno-economic review of four alternative energy carriers, liquid hydrogen (LH2), ammonia (NH3), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and methanol, evaluating their [...] Read more.
The maritime shipping industry faces the challenge of decarbonising its operations while maintaining economic viability. We present a comprehensive techno-economic review of four alternative energy carriers, liquid hydrogen (LH2), ammonia (NH3), liquefied natural gas (LNG), and methanol, evaluating their suitability for maritime applications within the context of global decarbonisation policy. Through the comparative assessment of physicochemical properties, hazard profiles, storage requirements, and regulatory compliance mechanisms, this review demonstrates that fuel selection is highly route-dependent, with methanol emerging as the most practical near-term solution for short-sea corridors, ammonia emerging as the primary pathway for long-term deep-sea decarbonisation, leveraging existing production infrastructure to achieve up to 90% lifecycle GHG reduction when produced from renewable hydrogen, and hydrogen serving as an alternative option pending cryogenic infrastructure maturation. The integration of digital twin technologies and port call optimisation provides a realistic pathway to achieving International Maritime Organisation (IMO) decarbonisation targets by 2030 and beyond. The findings are contextualised within current and emerging regulatory frameworks, including MARPOL Annex VI and FuelEU Maritime, to support evidence-based fuel selection and infrastructure investment decisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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30 pages, 1195 KB  
Review
Meta-Analysis of Hydrogen’s Role in Residential Heat Decarbonization
by Eleonora Aneggi, Marilda Scarbolo and Daniele Zuccaccia
Hydrogen 2026, 7(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen7010034 - 26 Feb 2026
Viewed by 982
Abstract
Hydrogen is a potential energy carrier for the decarbonization of the heating sector; however, its long-term role remains highly debated. This meta-analysis (2024–early 2025) assesses hydrogen’s potential for domestic heating regarding consumption, costs, and environmental impacts. Current scientific evidence distinguishes between hydrogen use [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is a potential energy carrier for the decarbonization of the heating sector; however, its long-term role remains highly debated. This meta-analysis (2024–early 2025) assesses hydrogen’s potential for domestic heating regarding consumption, costs, and environmental impacts. Current scientific evidence distinguishes between hydrogen use for direct residential heating and its role in integrated energy systems. For residential decarbonization, the literature does not support hydrogen as a primary solution: electrification, especially through heat pumps, remains the most efficient and cost-effective long-term pathway. Direct hydrogen heating faces major thermodynamic and economic barriers, including low conversion efficiency, high Levelized Costs of Energy (LCOE), infrastructure limitations, and challenges in achieving broad social acceptance. Hydrogen’s more strategic value emerges at the system level. Hybrid configurations that combine heat pumps with hydrogen storage show strong potential by using heat pumps to efficiently meet thermal demand while reserving hydrogen for flexible backup and storage. In particular, hydrogen is well suited for long-term seasonal energy storage and grid balancing, enhancing system flexibility and reliability. Its main contribution therefore lies not in direct end-use heating, but in strengthening grid resilience and supporting energy autarky in net-zero scenarios. Hydrogen blending into existing gas networks is widely viewed as a transitional measure to stimulate the hydrogen economy and deliver limited short-term emission reductions, rather than a definitive net-zero solution. Overall, hydrogen’s residential role remains niche, requiring targeted research, development, and large-scale pilot projects to validate competitive applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Hydrogen Horizon: Advancing End-Use Applications and Ensuring Safety in a Thriving Hydrogen Economy)
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