Exploring the Impact of Non-Thermal Processing on Structural and Functional Properties of Bioactives from Plant-Based Food

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 July 2026 | Viewed by 2300

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Interests: plant-based protein; soy proteins; microstructure; functional properties

grade E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
Interests: fruit; vegetable; heat and mass transfer; food processing; numerical simulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plant-based foods have gained immense popularity as sustainable and healthy dietary options, driving the need to explore how non-thermal processing modulates the structural and functional properties of bioactive compounds in these foods. Unlike traditional thermal processing (e.g., heating, extrusion), non-thermal technologies such as pulsed electric fields (PEFs), cold plasma, and ultrasound minimize excessive heat-induced changes (e.g., starch over-gelatinization, protein misfolding, or oxidative degradation) while directly reshaping the molecular structures of bioactives (e.g., polyphenols, anthocyanins, and bioactive peptides) and their carrier matrices. These structural modifications (e.g., enhanced extractability of bound bioactives, reduced aggregation of bioactive-protein complexes, or improved stability of bioactive molecular conformations) directly influence key functional attributes, including the bioavailability, antioxidant capacity, and targeted biological activities of bioactives, which are pivotal for the nutritional quality and health-promoting potential of plant-based food products. Although conventional processing can enhance the palatability and shelf-life of plant-based foods, it often causes irreversible loss of bioactives or diminished functionality due to thermal sensitivity. Recent research has thus shifted toward optimizing non-thermal processing parameters (e.g., plasma treatment time, electric field intensity, or ultrasonic power) to maximize the retention of bioactives while tailoring their structural features for improved functionality. Innovative non-thermal technologies are increasingly being explored to preserve the nutritional integrity of bioactives while enhancing their structural stability and functional performance, thereby meeting the growing consumer demand for high-quality, health-oriented plant-based food products.

Dr. Yue Wu
Prof. Dr. Yang Tao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • plant-based foods
  • non-thermal processing
  • bioavailability
  • heat and mass transfer
  • physicochemical properties
  • microstructure
  • functional properties
  • pulsed electric fields (PEFs)
  • cold plasma
  • ultrasound

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 1549 KB  
Article
Effects of Ultrasonication Combined with Enzymatic Treatment on the Structure and Function of Soy Protein Isolate
by Wen Guo, Yongqiang Xu, Yanrong Ma, Zhigang Chen and Yue Wu
Foods 2026, 15(4), 793; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15040793 - 23 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 743
Abstract
Natural soy protein isolate (SPI) exhibits suboptimal functional characteristics, including limited solubility, reduced foaming capacity, and diminished emulsifying ability. Conventional singular-modification techniques are unable to enhance multiple functional properties concurrently, thereby posing challenges in fulfilling the varied requirements of food processing. Therefore, this [...] Read more.
Natural soy protein isolate (SPI) exhibits suboptimal functional characteristics, including limited solubility, reduced foaming capacity, and diminished emulsifying ability. Conventional singular-modification techniques are unable to enhance multiple functional properties concurrently, thereby posing challenges in fulfilling the varied requirements of food processing. Therefore, this study employed ultrasonic and pepsin enzymatic modification techniques on SPI. By varying ultrasonic frequency (20 kHz, 207 kHz) and sonic energy density (295 W/L, 590 W/L), different modified protein samples were obtained. The effects of single treatment, combined treatment, and varying ultrasonic parameters on their structure and functionality were investigated. The results indicate that compared to single enzymatic hydrolysis, combination-treated SPI exhibited reduced fluorescence intensity and UV absorbance, along with significant decreases in methionine (Met) and free-sulfhydryl (SH) content (p < 0.05). Particle size decreased while distribution became more uniform, and relative molecular weight also diminished. This indicates that combined processing induces more pronounced changes in the protein’s primary to higher-order structures, thereby enhancing functional properties. Specifically, surface hydrophobicity (H0) and emulsification stability (ESI) improved, while emulsifying capacity (EAI) significantly increased (p < 0.05). In summary, ultrasonication combined with enzymatic hydrolysis exhibits synergistic effects, optimizing protein structure and functional characteristics. This approach facilitates the development of functional foods and broadens their application scope. Full article
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20 pages, 1633 KB  
Article
Targeted Separation of Ziziphus jujuba Pulp Polyphenols: Adsorption Kinetics Characteristics of AB-8 Resin and Product Structure Analysis
by Dan Zhao, Fuzhi Xie, Qing Zhang, Beizhi Zhang, Shujing Xuan, Nannan Chen, Wenjie Li, Bei Fan, Fengzhong Wang and Liang Zhang
Foods 2026, 15(4), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15040792 - 23 Feb 2026
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Abstract
To address the challenge of purifying bioactive polyphenols from the complex matrix of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa pulp, this study established an integrated purification protocol combining Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) extraction with macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) enrichment. Among five screened resins, AB-8 [...] Read more.
To address the challenge of purifying bioactive polyphenols from the complex matrix of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa pulp, this study established an integrated purification protocol combining Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) extraction with macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) enrichment. Among five screened resins, AB-8 exhibited superior selectivity, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 62.48 mg polyphenols/g dry resin and a desorption ratio of 83.40%. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process strictly followed a pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.999), indicating a mechanism dominated by chemisorption. Through dynamic optimization, optimal column parameters were determined as a loading concentration of 2.4 mg/mL, a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and elution with 70% (v/v) ethanol. Structural characterization via UV-Vis and FT-IR confirmed the effective removal of polysaccharide and protein impurities, while High-Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (HPGPC) indicated a low-molecular-weight distribution (Mw approx. 1073 Da). Furthermore, HPLC-MS profiling definitively identified eight key constituents, including chlorogenic acid, catechin, rutin, and quercetin. Collectively, this work elucidates the adsorption mechanism and provides a scalable, efficient technical foundation for the high-purity preparation of jujube polyphenols. Full article
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22 pages, 5263 KB  
Article
The Effect of Thermal Modifications on the Physicochemical, Structural, Functional Properties and In Vitro Digestibility of Black Wheat Kernel and Whole-Grain Flour
by Shiqi Li, Yanrong Ma, Jie Wang, Mengna Zhang, Wangfen Zhang, Yongqiang Xu and Zhigang Chen
Foods 2026, 15(4), 791; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15040791 - 23 Feb 2026
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Abstract
Whole grains, due to their intact structure, retain more nutrients and offer significant health benefits. Thermal modification is commonly applied to modify cereal grains. This study aimed to investigate the effects of thermal treatments (microwaving (abbreviation MW-BW), roasting (RST-BW), and an emerging technology, [...] Read more.
Whole grains, due to their intact structure, retain more nutrients and offer significant health benefits. Thermal modification is commonly applied to modify cereal grains. This study aimed to investigate the effects of thermal treatments (microwaving (abbreviation MW-BW), roasting (RST-BW), and an emerging technology, heat fluidization (HFL-BW)) on whole-grain black wheat flour. The results showed minimal loss in proximate composition and increased anthocyanin content (from 38.78 mg/kg (BW) to 39.57 (HFL-BW) and 46.06 mg/kg (MW-BW)) relative to the control. Analysis of physical properties and microstructure revealed that all thermal treatments caused kernel swelling, darkened the flour color, decreased the kernel hardness, and disrupted the starch microstructure. All thermal treatments disrupted starch short-range order and reduced crystallinity (from 26.75% (BW) to 2.56 (HFL-BW) and 15.74% (RST-BW)), resulting in a transformation to a V-type structure. The protein secondary structure (mainly for α-helix) was disrupted, and gluten was denatured and aggregated in all thermal-treatment groups. Thermal treatments decreased gelatinization enthalpy (from 4.76 J/g (BW) to 0.59 (HFL-BW) and 4.44 J/g (RST-BW)) and altered pasting viscosity. The viscoelasticity of pastes made from thermal treatments was improved. In vitro digestibility results showed that thermal treatments decreased starch digestibility, decreased the protein bioavailability, and increased resistant starch content (from 20.1% (BW) to 30.9 (MW-BW) and 39.6% (RST-BW)). Altogether, heat fluidization had the most pronounced effect among the treatments. Thermal modifications—particularly heat fluidization—are promising technologies for enhancing the quality of whole-grain black wheat flour and developing functional foods. Full article
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