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Dissipative, Entropy-Production Systems across Condensed Matter and Interdisciplinary Classical VS. Quantum Physics

A special issue of Entropy (ISSN 1099-4300). This special issue belongs to the section "Statistical Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 March 2022) | Viewed by 19393

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Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: statistical mechanics; soft condensed matter; (bio)materials nanophysics
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

XLVII Congress of Polish Physicists held in Bydgoszcz, Poland, 19–23 September 2021, http://47zfp.utp.edu.pl/en/47th-congress-of-the-polish-physical-society/ will collect a number of interesting papers addressing a range of topics in condensed matter and interdisciplinary physics, all of them linked together by statistical physics/mechanics methods.

The topics addressed will invoke dissipative processes such as various faces of diffusion; normal vs. anomalous random walks; systems with ergodicity breaking; (partially) ordered vs. disordered systems; systems with symmetry breaking and of peculiar phase-transition and/or relaxational nature; nonlinear dynamic, viscoelastic and chaotic systems; and the like, all of them underlying either a classical or a quantum description.

Theoretical, numerical as well as computer-simulation-based approaches shall be of extensive use. The role of physical concepts and methods will be checked upon their usefulness in out-of-physics areas, immersed in biology, social sciences, biomedicine, as well as versatile arms of modern nano- and biotechnology.

All distinguished fellows and participants of the Congress are warmly encouraged to submit their valuable papers under the common theme suggested by the title of this Special Issue.

Prof. Dr. Adam Gadomski
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Entropy is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 194 KiB  
Editorial
Dissipative, Entropy Production Systems across Condensed Matter and Interdisciplinary Classical vs. Quantum Physics
by Adam Gadomski
Entropy 2022, 24(8), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081094 - 09 Aug 2022
Viewed by 936
Abstract
This Special Issue collected ten papers addressing a range of topics in condensed matter and interdisciplinary classical vs [...] Full article

Research

Jump to: Editorial

25 pages, 13426 KiB  
Article
Information Processing Using Networks of Chemical Oscillators
by Jerzy Gorecki
Entropy 2022, 24(8), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24081054 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1242
Abstract
I believe the computing potential of systems with chemical reactions has not yet been fully explored. The most common approach to chemical computing is based on implementation of logic gates. However, it does not seem practical because the lifetime of such gates is [...] Read more.
I believe the computing potential of systems with chemical reactions has not yet been fully explored. The most common approach to chemical computing is based on implementation of logic gates. However, it does not seem practical because the lifetime of such gates is short, and communication between gates requires precise adjustment. The maximum computational efficiency of a chemical medium is achieved if the information is processed in parallel by different parts of it. In this paper, I review the idea of computing with coupled chemical oscillators and give arguments for the efficiency of such an approach. I discuss how to input information and how to read out the result of network computation. I describe the idea of top-down optimization of computing networks. As an example, I consider a small network of three coupled chemical oscillators designed to differentiate the white from the red points of the Japanese flag. My results are based on computer simulations with the standard two-variable Oregonator model of the oscillatory Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction. An optimized network of three interacting oscillators can recognize the color of a randomly selected point with >98% accuracy. The presented ideas can be helpful for the experimental realization of fully functional chemical computing networks. Full article
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16 pages, 1104 KiB  
Article
Does Social Distancing Matter for Infectious Disease Propagation? An SEIR Model and Gompertz Law Based Cellular Automaton
by Szymon Biernacki and Krzysztof Malarz
Entropy 2022, 24(6), 832; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24060832 - 15 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1524
Abstract
In this paper, we present stochastic synchronous cellular automaton defined on a square lattice. The automaton rules are based on the SEIR (susceptible → exposed → infected → recovered) model with probabilistic parameters gathered from real-world data on human mortality and the characteristics [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present stochastic synchronous cellular automaton defined on a square lattice. The automaton rules are based on the SEIR (susceptible → exposed → infected → recovered) model with probabilistic parameters gathered from real-world data on human mortality and the characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 disease. With computer simulations, we show the influence of the radius of the neighborhood on the number of infected and deceased agents in the artificial population. The increase in the radius of the neighborhood favors the spread of the pandemic. However, for a large range of interactions of exposed agents (who neither have symptoms of the disease nor have been diagnosed by appropriate tests), even isolation of infected agents cannot prevent successful disease propagation. This supports aggressive testing against disease as one of the useful strategies to prevent large peaks of infection in the spread of SARS-CoV-2-like diseases. Full article
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14 pages, 2879 KiB  
Article
Effect of Ion and Binding Site on the Conformation of Chosen Glycosaminoglycans at the Albumin Surface
by Piotr Sionkowski, Piotr Bełdowski, Natalia Kruszewska, Piotr Weber, Beata Marciniak and Krzysztof Domino
Entropy 2022, 24(6), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24060811 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1532
Abstract
Albumin is one of the major components of synovial fluid. Due to its negative surface charge, it plays an essential role in many physiological processes, including the ability to form molecular complexes. In addition, glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are [...] Read more.
Albumin is one of the major components of synovial fluid. Due to its negative surface charge, it plays an essential role in many physiological processes, including the ability to form molecular complexes. In addition, glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are crucial components of synovial fluid involved in the boundary lubrication regime. This study presents the influence of Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions on human serum albumin–hyaluronan/chondroitin-6-sulfate interactions examined using molecular docking followed by molecular dynamics simulations. We analyze chosen glycosaminoglycans binding by employing a conformational entropy approach. In addition, several protein–polymer complexes have been studied to check how the binding site and presence of ions influence affinity. The presence of divalent cations contributes to the decrease of conformational entropy near carboxyl and sulfate groups. This observation can indicate the higher affinity between glycosaminoglycans and albumin. Moreover, domains IIIA and IIIB of albumin have the highest affinity as those are two domains that show a positive net charge that allows for binding with negatively charged glycosaminoglycans. Finally, in discussion, we suggest some research path to find particular features that would carry information about the dynamics of the particular type of polymers or ions. Full article
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16 pages, 1052 KiB  
Article
Coherence and Anticoherence Induced by Thermal Fields
by Lihui Sun, Ya Liu, Chen Li, Kaikai Zhang, Wenxing Yang and Zbigniew Ficek
Entropy 2022, 24(5), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24050692 - 13 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341
Abstract
Interesting coherence and correlations appear between superpositions of two bosonic modes when the modes are parametrically coupled to a third intermediate mode and are also coupled to external modes which are in thermal states of unequal mean photon numbers. Under such conditions, it [...] Read more.
Interesting coherence and correlations appear between superpositions of two bosonic modes when the modes are parametrically coupled to a third intermediate mode and are also coupled to external modes which are in thermal states of unequal mean photon numbers. Under such conditions, it is found that one of linear superpositions of the modes, which is effectively decoupled from the other modes, can be perfectly coherent with the other orthogonal superposition of the modes and can simultaneously exhibit anticoherence with the intermediate mode, which can give rise to entanglement between the modes. It is shown that the coherence effects have a substantial effect on the population distribution between the modes, which may result in lowering the population of the intermediate mode. This shows that the system can be employed to cool modes to lower temperatures. Furthermore, for appropriate thermal photon numbers and coupling strengths between the modes, it is found that entanglement between the directly coupled superposition and the intermediate modes may occur in a less restricted range of the number of the thermal photons such that the modes could be strongly entangled, even at large numbers of the thermal photons. Full article
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9 pages, 932 KiB  
Communication
Spherulites: How Do They Emerge at an Onset of Nonequilibrium Kinetic-Thermodynamic and Structural Singularity Addressing Conditions?
by Jacek Siódmiak and Adam Gadomski
Entropy 2022, 24(5), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24050663 - 09 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1731
Abstract
This communication addresses the question of the far-from-equilibrium growth of spherulites with different growing modes. The growth occurs in defects containing and condensed matter addressing environments of (bio)polymeric and biominerals involving outcomes. It turns out that it is possible to anticipate that, according [...] Read more.
This communication addresses the question of the far-from-equilibrium growth of spherulites with different growing modes. The growth occurs in defects containing and condensed matter addressing environments of (bio)polymeric and biominerals involving outcomes. It turns out that it is possible to anticipate that, according to our considerations, there is a chance of spherulites’ emergence prior to a pure diffusion-controlled (poly)crystal growth. Specifically, we have shown that the emergence factors of the two different evolution types of spherulitic growth modes, namely, diffusion-controlled growth and mass convection-controlled growth, appear. As named by us, the unimodal crystalline Mullins–Sekerka type mode of growth, characteristic of local curvatures’ presence, seems to be more entropy-productive in its emerging (structural) nature than the so-named bimodal or Goldenfeld type mode of growth. In the latter, the local curvatures do not play any crucial roles. In turn, a liaison of amorphous and crystalline phases makes the system far better compromised to the thermodynamic-kinetic conditions it actually, and concurrently, follows. The dimensionless character of the modeling suggests that the system does not directly depend upon experimental details, manifesting somehow its quasi-universal, i.e., scaling addressing character. Full article
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21 pages, 797 KiB  
Article
Proof of Equivalence of Carnot Principle to II Law of Thermodynamics and Non-Equivalence to Clausius I and Kelvin Principles
by Grzegorz Marcin Koczan
Entropy 2022, 24(3), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030392 - 11 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2178
Abstract
The II law of thermodynamics is most often given in three supposedly equivalent formulations: two Clausius (I and II) and one Kelvin. The most general and indisputable entropy formulation belongs to Clausius (II). The earlier Clausius I principle determines the natural direction heat [...] Read more.
The II law of thermodynamics is most often given in three supposedly equivalent formulations: two Clausius (I and II) and one Kelvin. The most general and indisputable entropy formulation belongs to Clausius (II). The earlier Clausius I principle determines the natural direction heat flow between bodies at different temperatures. On the other hand, the Kelvin principle states that it is impossible to completely convert heat into work. The author argues that the Kelvin principle is a weaker statement (or more strictly non-equivalent) than the Clausius I principle, and the latter is a weaker statement than Carnot principle, which is equivalent to Clausius II principle. As a result, the Kelvin principle and the Clausius I principle are not exhaustive formulations of the II law of thermodynamics. At the same time, it turns out that the Carnot principle becomes such a formulation. Apart from providing a complete set of proof and disproof, the author, indicates where the methodological errors were made in the alleged proof of the equivalence of the Kelvin principle and both Clausius principles. Full article
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11 pages, 1148 KiB  
Article
The Generalized Euler Characteristics of the Graphs Split at Vertices
by Omer Farooq, Michał Ławniczak, Afshin Akhshani, Szymon Bauch and Leszek Sirko
Entropy 2022, 24(3), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030387 - 09 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2202
Abstract
We show that there is a relationship between the generalized Euler characteristic Eo(|VDo|) of the original graph that was split at vertices into two disconnected subgraphs i=1,2 and their generalized Euler [...] Read more.
We show that there is a relationship between the generalized Euler characteristic Eo(|VDo|) of the original graph that was split at vertices into two disconnected subgraphs i=1,2 and their generalized Euler characteristics Ei(|VDi|). Here, |VDo| and |VDi| denote the numbers of vertices with the Dirichlet boundary conditions in the graphs. The theoretical results are experimentally verified using microwave networks that simulate quantum graphs. We demonstrate that the evaluation of the generalized Euler characteristics Eo(|VDo|) and Ei(|VDi|) allow us to determine the number of vertices where the two subgraphs were initially connected. Full article
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15 pages, 1507 KiB  
Article
Mixedness, Coherence and Entanglement in a Family of Three-Qubit States
by Joanna K. Kalaga, Wiesław Leoński, Radosław Szczȩśniak and Jan Peřina, Jr.
Entropy 2022, 24(3), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24030324 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2068
Abstract
We consider a family of states describing three-qubit systems. We derived formulas showing the relations between linear entropy and measures of coherence such as degree of coherence, first- and second-order correlation functions. We show that qubit–qubit states are strongly entangled when linear entropy [...] Read more.
We consider a family of states describing three-qubit systems. We derived formulas showing the relations between linear entropy and measures of coherence such as degree of coherence, first- and second-order correlation functions. We show that qubit–qubit states are strongly entangled when linear entropy reaches some range of values. For such states, we derived the conditions determining boundary values of linear entropy parametrized by measures of coherence. Full article
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18 pages, 1193 KiB  
Article
Accumulation of Particles and Formation of a Dissipative Structure in a Nonequilibrium Bath
by Steven Yuvan and Martin Bier
Entropy 2022, 24(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24020189 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1730
Abstract
The standard textbooks contain good explanations of how and why equilibrium thermodynamics emerges in a reservoir with particles that are subjected to Gaussian noise. However, in systems that convert or transport energy, the noise is often not Gaussian. Instead, displacements exhibit an α [...] Read more.
The standard textbooks contain good explanations of how and why equilibrium thermodynamics emerges in a reservoir with particles that are subjected to Gaussian noise. However, in systems that convert or transport energy, the noise is often not Gaussian. Instead, displacements exhibit an α-stable distribution. Such noise is commonly called Lévy noise. With such noise, we see a thermodynamics that deviates from what traditional equilibrium theory stipulates. In addition, with particles that can propel themselves, so-called active particles, we find that the rules of equilibrium thermodynamics no longer apply. No general nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory is available and understanding is often ad hoc. We study a system with overdamped particles that are subjected to Lévy noise. We pick a system with a geometry that leads to concise formulae to describe the accumulation of particles in a cavity. The nonhomogeneous distribution of particles can be seen as a dissipative structure, i.e., a lower-entropy steady state that allows for throughput of energy and concurrent production of entropy. After the mechanism that maintains nonequilibrium is switched off, the relaxation back to homogeneity represents an increase in entropy and a decrease of free energy. For our setup we can analytically connect the nonequilibrium noise and active particle behavior to entropy decrease and energy buildup with simple and intuitive formulae. Full article
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9 pages, 474 KiB  
Article
Velocity Multistability vs. Ergodicity Breaking in a Biased Periodic Potential
by Jakub Spiechowicz, Peter Hänggi and Jerzy Łuczka
Entropy 2022, 24(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/e24010098 - 07 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1254
Abstract
Multistability, i.e., the coexistence of several attractors for a given set of system parameters, is one of the most important phenomena occurring in dynamical systems. We consider it in the velocity dynamics of a Brownian particle, driven by thermal fluctuations and moving in [...] Read more.
Multistability, i.e., the coexistence of several attractors for a given set of system parameters, is one of the most important phenomena occurring in dynamical systems. We consider it in the velocity dynamics of a Brownian particle, driven by thermal fluctuations and moving in a biased periodic potential. In doing so, we focus on the impact of ergodicity—A concept which lies at the core of statistical mechanics. The latter implies that a single trajectory of the system is representative for the whole ensemble and, as a consequence, the initial conditions of the dynamics are fully forgotten. The ergodicity of the deterministic counterpart is strongly broken, and we discuss how the velocity multistability depends on the starting position and velocity of the particle. While for non-zero temperatures the ergodicity is, in principle, restored, in the low temperature regime the velocity dynamics is still affected by initial conditions due to weak ergodicity breaking. For moderate and high temperatures, the multistability is robust with respect to the choice of the starting position and velocity of the particle. Full article
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