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Advances in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H: Geo-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 July 2026 | Viewed by 4619

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Farshid Torabi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Petroleum Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
Interests: miscible and immiscible processes in fractured reservoirs; microfluidic systems; diffusion/dispersion and convection mechanisms; CO2-based enhanced oil recovery and geological sequestration of greenhouse gases; production optimization; formation damage and permeability improvement; improved oil recovery from heavy oil reservoirs; interfacial phenomena; capillary pressure and 3-phase relative permeability; fluid flow in porous media; reservoir simulation; well testing; drilling and well completion; fluids transportation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ali Cheperli

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Petroleum Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
Interests: CO2-based enhanced oil recovery; cyclic solvent injection (CSI); foamy oil flow; numerical simulation; microfluidic systems; dimensional analysis and scaling studies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the growing importance of sustainable energy solutions, technologies such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) have gained significant attention. These interconnected areas offer great potential for addressing global energy demands while minimizing environmental impact.

Injecting CO2 into reservoirs enhances oil recovery by improving fluid flow and extraction efficiency. Moreover, CCS technology is capable of capturing CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources, transporting it to geological formations, and securely storing it. The incorporation of these approaches presents unique challenges and opportunities, such as increased efficiency, reduced costs, and ensuring that the stored carbon dioxide will remain stable for a long time.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to examine recent developments, innovative methodologies, and practical applications in CO2-EOR and CCS. Contributions addressing fundamental, technological, economic, and environmental aspects are encouraged, which will provide insight into the development of sustainable practices and policies.

A wide range of topics (research articles and reviews) are welcomed, including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Innovations in CO2-EOR techniques and reservoir optimization;
  • Advances in CO2 capture technologies;
  • Geological and environmental studies on CO2 storage integrity and monitoring;
  • Integration of CO2-EOR and CCS in energy transition strategies;
  • Novel materials and processes for CO2 utilization and recycling;
  • Life cycle analysis and carbon footprint reduction in CO2-EOR and CCS projects;
  • Modeling and simulation studies for predicting CO2 transport in porous media, storage, and recovery.

Essentially, this Special Issue aims to provide a platform for researchers and industry experts to share research findings, enhance collaboration, and contribute to the global transition to cleaner energy solutions.

Prof. Dr. Farshid Torabi
Dr. Ali Cheperli
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • CO2-EOR techniques and optimization
  • CO2 capture technologies and innovations
  • energy transition and integrated CO2 solutions
  • materials and processes for CO2 utilization
  • carbon footprint and life cycle assessment
  • CO2 storage in geological formations
  • CO2 transport in porous media

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 3887 KB  
Article
Numerical Simulation Study on Synergistic Influencing Factors of CO2 Flooding and Geological Storage in Low-Permeability and High-Water-Cut Reservoirs
by Qi Wang, Jihong Zhang, Guantong Huo, Peng Wang, Fei Li, Xinjian Tan and Qiang Xie
Energies 2025, 18(24), 6630; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246630 - 18 Dec 2025
Viewed by 589
Abstract
How to economically and effectively mobilize remaining oil and achieve carbon sequestration after water flooding in low-permeability, high-water-cut reservoirs is an urgent challenge. This study, focusing on Block Y of the Daqing Oilfield, employs numerical simulation to systematically reveal the synergistic influencing mechanisms [...] Read more.
How to economically and effectively mobilize remaining oil and achieve carbon sequestration after water flooding in low-permeability, high-water-cut reservoirs is an urgent challenge. This study, focusing on Block Y of the Daqing Oilfield, employs numerical simulation to systematically reveal the synergistic influencing mechanisms of CO2 flooding and geological storage. A three-dimensional compositional model characterizing this reservoir was constructed, with a focus on analyzing the controlling effects of key geological (depth, heterogeneity, physical properties) and engineering (gas injection rate, gas injection volume, bottom-hole flowing pressure) parameters on the displacement and storage processes. Simulation results indicate that the low-permeability characteristics of Block Y effectively suppress gas channeling, enabling a CO2 flooding enhanced oil recovery (EOR) increment of 15.65%. Increasing reservoir depth significantly improves both oil recovery and storage efficiency by improving the mobility ratio and enhancing gravity segregation. Parameter optimization is key to achieving synergistic benefits: the optimal gas injection rate is 700–900 m3/d, the economically reasonable gas injection volume is 0.4–0.5 PV, and the optimal bottom-hole flowing pressure is 9–10 MPa. This study confirms that for Block Y and similar high-water-cut, low-permeability reservoirs, CO2 flooding is a highly promising replacement technology; through optimized design, it can simultaneously achieve significant crude oil production increase and efficient CO2 storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS))
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20 pages, 6189 KB  
Article
Development and Characterization of CO2-Responsive Surfactants for Coalbed Methane Fracturing
by Zhi-Heng Li, Teng-Fei Xu, Qing-Hua Zhang and Fu-Jin Lin
Energies 2025, 18(19), 5084; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18195084 - 24 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1102
Abstract
To address issues of traditional coalbed methane (CBM) fracturing fluids (high displacement, weak sand-carrying, poor stability, severe coal seam damage), this study synthesized CO2-responsive erucamide propyl dimethylamine surfactant (C22ZEA, yield 99%), with molecular structure verified by 1H NMR [...] Read more.
To address issues of traditional coalbed methane (CBM) fracturing fluids (high displacement, weak sand-carrying, poor stability, severe coal seam damage), this study synthesized CO2-responsive erucamide propyl dimethylamine surfactant (C22ZEA, yield 99%), with molecular structure verified by 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) matching the target. Molecular simulation showed CO2 protonates C22ZEA into EA+: 1 wt% forms a simple micelle network, while 3 wt% enhances entanglement into a dense 3D network. Experiments indicated: 3 wt% solution reaches 160 mPa·s viscosity in 200 s under CO2 (0.2 L·min−1); 1.5–4.5 wt% solutions are pseudoplastic (n = 0.14–0.18), with G′ > G″ when concentration > 2 wt%; viscosity recovery rate > 95% after alternating shear (170 s−1/10 s−1); viscosity remains > 160 mPa·s after 1 h shear (170 s−1) at 70 °C; gel breaks to 0.01–0.02 Pa·s in 15 min with N2 at 45 °C; 1.0–3.0 wt% solutions meet non-toxic standards via EC50/96 h LC50. This study supports high-efficiency low-damage smart fracturing fluids, boosting CBM extraction efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS))
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18 pages, 11439 KB  
Article
Machine Learning-Driven Prediction of CO2 Solubility in Brine: A Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)-Assisted Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) Approach
by Seyed Hossein Hashemi, Farshid Torabi and Paitoon Tontiwachwuthikul
Energies 2025, 18(15), 4205; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18154205 - 7 Aug 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1211
Abstract
The solubility of CO2 in brine systems is critical for both carbon storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. In this study, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) with eight different kernels was optimized using the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm to model this [...] Read more.
The solubility of CO2 in brine systems is critical for both carbon storage and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications. In this study, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) with eight different kernels was optimized using the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm to model this important phase behavior. Among the tested kernels, the ARD Matern 3/2 and ARD Matern 5/2 kernels achieved the highest predictive accuracies, with R2 values of 0.9961 and 0.9960, respectively, on the test data. This demonstrates superior performance in capturing CO2 solubility trends. The GWO algorithm effectively tuned the hyperparameters for all kernel configurations, while the ARD capability successfully quantified the influence of key physicochemical parameters on CO2 solubility. The outstanding performance of the ARD Matern 3/2 and ARD Matern 5/2 kernels suggests their particular suitability for modeling complex thermodynamic behaviors in brine systems. Furthermore, this study integrates fundamental thermodynamic principles into the modeling framework, ensuring all predictions adhere to physical laws while maintaining excellent accuracy (test R2 > 0.98). These results highlight how machine learning can improve CO2 injection processes, both for underground carbon storage and enhanced oil production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS))
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Review

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36 pages, 1420 KB  
Review
Advances in CO2 Injection for Enhanced Hydrocarbon Recovery: Reservoir Applications, Mechanisms, Mobility Control Technologies, and Challenges
by Mazen Hamed and Ezeddin Shirif
Energies 2026, 19(4), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19041086 - 20 Feb 2026
Viewed by 839
Abstract
Carbon dioxide injection is one of the most advanced and commercially proven methods of enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, and CO2 injection has been shown to be very effective in conventional oil reservoirs and is gaining attention in gas, unconventional, and coalbed methane reservoirs. [...] Read more.
Carbon dioxide injection is one of the most advanced and commercially proven methods of enhanced hydrocarbon recovery, and CO2 injection has been shown to be very effective in conventional oil reservoirs and is gaining attention in gas, unconventional, and coalbed methane reservoirs. The advantages of CO2 injection lie in the favorable phase properties and interactions with reservoir fluids, such as swelling, reduction in oil viscosity, reduction in interfacial tension, and miscible displacement in favorable cases. But the low viscosity and density of CO2 compared to the reservoir fluids result in unfavorable mobility ratios and gravity override, resulting in sweep efficiency limitations. This review offers a broad and EOR-centric evaluation of the various CO2 injection methods for a broad array of reservoir types, such as depleted oil reservoirs, gas reservoirs for the purpose of gas recovery, tight gas/sands, as well as coalbed methane reservoirs. Particular attention will be given to the use of mobility control/sweep enhancement techniques such as water alternating gas (CO2-WAG), foam-assisted CO2 injection, polymer-assisted WAG processes, as well as hybrid processes that combine the use of CO2 injection with low salinity or engineered waterflood. Further, recent developments in compositional simulation, fracture-resolving simulation, hysteresis modeling, and data-driven optimization techniques have been highlighted. Operational challenges such as injectivity reduction, asphaltene precipitation, corrosion, and conformance problems have been reviewed, along with the existing methods to mitigate such issues. Finally, key gaps in the current studies have been identified, with an emphasis on the development of EHR processes using CO2 in complex and low-permeability reservoirs, enhancing the resistance of chemical and foam methods in realistic conditions, and the development of reliable methods for optimizing the process on the field scale. This review article will act as an aid in the technical development process for the implementation of CO2 injection projects for the recovery of hydrocarbons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS))
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