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New Challenges in Waste Biomass
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New Challenges in Waste Biomass

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A4: Bio-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 July 2023) | Viewed by 13841

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Shie Jelueng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Environmental Engineering, National l-Lan University, No.1, Sec. 1, Shen-Lung Rd., Yi-Lan 26041, Taiwan
Interests: hydrothermal; liquefaction; biomass energy; glycolysis carbonization; supercritical ion liquid; capacitance carbon catalyst; biomass-to-energy technology; waste circular economy; air pollution control; CO2 reforming
Prof. Dr. Min-Hao Yuan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Interests: biomass energy process modeling and optimization; biodiesel; ammonia recovery; VOC and odor pollution control; CO2 capture

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editors are inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “New Challenges in Waste Biomass”. Waste biomass is one of the most versatile and underutilized feedstocks for low carbon and renewable energy. To reach net zero emissions by 2050, waste biomass will play an important role in our wider low-carbon goals. There have been many innovation technologies in waste-to-energy arena. Nevertheless, wastes present a unique set of challenges in terms of conversion processes at a range of technology-readiness levels. Furthermore, supply for circular economy, sustainability, and accountability for emission and its policy analysis are also interesting topics for waste biomass researchers.

This Special Issue will deal with novel techniques and their challenges associated with the journey from waste to energy. Topics of interest for publication include but are not limited to:

  • Waste-to-energy technology and policy;
  • Gasification, liquefaction, or carbonization of biomass to high-value products;
  • Carbon neutrality and carbon-negative technology;
  • Biomass supply and circular economy;
  • Sustainability and accountability for emissions.

Prof. Dr. Shie Jelueng
Prof. Dr. Min-Hao Yuan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biomass energy
  • sustainable biofuel
  • refuse derived fuel
  • solid recovered fuel
  • biocarbon material
  • pyrolysis
  • gasification
  • liquefaction
  • carbonization
  • energy efficiency
  • carbon neutrality
  • green and biomass hydrogen energy
  • carbon-negative technology
  • supply
  • circular economy
  • sustainability and accountability for emission
  • waste-to-energy policy

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2205 KiB  
Article
Thermocatalytic Decomposition of Sesame Waste Biomass over Ni-Co-Doped MCM-41: Kinetics and Physicochemical Properties of the Bio-Oil
by Jan Nisar, Raqeeb Ullah, Ghulam Ali, Afzal Shah, Muhammad Imran Din, Zaib Hussain and Roohul Amin
Energies 2023, 16(9), 3731; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093731 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1115
Abstract
The increase in industrialization and development has tremendously diminished fossil fuel resources. Moreover, the excessive use of fossil fuels has resulted in the release of various toxic gases and an increase in global warming. Hence, necessitating the need to search for a renewable [...] Read more.
The increase in industrialization and development has tremendously diminished fossil fuel resources. Moreover, the excessive use of fossil fuels has resulted in the release of various toxic gases and an increase in global warming. Hence, necessitating the need to search for a renewable energy source. In this study, sesame waste biomass (SWB), which is abundantly available in Pakistan, has been used as feedstock for obtaining bio-oil using the pyrolysis technique. Pyrolysis was carried out using thermogravimetry and a pyrolysis chamber. Firstly, thermogravimetric analysis was performed on biomass with/without a laboratory synthesized catalyst Ni/Co/MCM-41 in nitrogen at different temperature programmed rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 °C/min. A four-stage weight loss was observed that pointed toward the vaporization of water, and degradation of hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin. The kinetics parameters were determined using the Kissinger equation. The activation energy for the decomposition reaction of hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignin, without catalyst, was observed as 133.02, 141.33, and 191.22 kJ/mol, respectively, however, with catalyst it was found as 91.45, 99.76, and 149.65 kJ/mol, respectively. In the catalyzed reaction the results showed the lowest activation energy, which is an indication of the fact that the catalyst is successful in reducing the activation energy to a sufficient level. As the TG/DTG showed active degradation between 200 and 400 °C, therefore, the waste sesame biomass over Ni-Co/MCM-41 was pyrolyzed within the same temperature range in the pyrolysis chamber. Temperature and time were optimized for maximum oil yield. A maximum oil yield of 38% was achieved at 330 °C and 20 min. The oil obtained was studied using GCMS. The physicochemical characteristics of the oil were assessed, and it was found that if the oil was upgraded properly, it could serve as a fuel for commercial use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Waste Biomass)
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14 pages, 2765 KiB  
Article
Production of Fuel Range Hydrocarbons from Pyrolysis of Lignin over Zeolite Y, Hydrogen
by Ghulam Ali, Marrij Afraz, Faisal Muhammad, Jan Nisar, Afzal Shah, Shamsa Munir and Syed Tasleem Hussain
Energies 2023, 16(1), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010215 - 25 Dec 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1364
Abstract
In the current study, plain and lignin loaded with Zeolite Y, hydrogen was decomposed in a pyrolysis chamber. The reaction parameters were optimized and 390 °C, 3% catalyst with a reaction time of 40 min were observed as the most suitable conditions [...] Read more.
In the current study, plain and lignin loaded with Zeolite Y, hydrogen was decomposed in a pyrolysis chamber. The reaction parameters were optimized and 390 °C, 3% catalyst with a reaction time of 40 min were observed as the most suitable conditions for better oil yield. The bio-oil collected from the catalyzed and non-catalyzed pyrolytic reactions was analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Catalytic pyrolysis resulted in the production of bio-oil consisting of 15 components ranging from C3 to C18 with a high percentage of fuel range benzene derivatives. Non-catalytic pyrolysis produced bio-oil that consists of 58 components ranging from C3 to C24; however, the number and quantity of fuel range hydrocarbons were lower than in the catalyzed products. The pyrolysis reaction was studied kinetically for both samples using thermogravimetry at heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C/min in the temperature range 20–600 °C. The activation energies and pre-exponential factors were calculated using the Kissinger equation for both non-catalytic and catalytic decomposition and found to be 157.96 kJ/mol, 141.33 kJ/mol, 2.66 × 1013 min−1 and 2.17 × 1010 min−1, respectively. It was concluded that Zeolite Y, hydrogen worked well as a catalyst to decrease activation energy and enhance the quality of the bio-oil generated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Waste Biomass)
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11 pages, 2630 KiB  
Article
Co-Firing of Refuse-Derived Fuel with Ekibastuz Coal in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor: Analysis of Emissions and Ash Characteristics
by Botakoz Suleimenova, Berik Aimbetov, Daulet Zhakupov, Dhawal Shah and Yerbol Sarbassov
Energies 2022, 15(16), 5785; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15165785 - 09 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1643
Abstract
Converting municipal solid waste (MSW) into valuable feedstocks, such as refuse-derived fuel (RDF), is a sustainable method according to the concept of waste management hierarchy. A heterogeneous composition with a good calorific value and lower emissions allows RDF to be used for energy [...] Read more.
Converting municipal solid waste (MSW) into valuable feedstocks, such as refuse-derived fuel (RDF), is a sustainable method according to the concept of waste management hierarchy. A heterogeneous composition with a good calorific value and lower emissions allows RDF to be used for energy recovery purposes. We have earlier analyzed the generation and thermochemical characteristics of the MSW produced in Kazakhstan. This work aims to study the combustion characteristics in terms of emissions and ash composition to evaluate the possibility of RDF co-firing with Ekibastuz coal. In particular, RDF is blended with high ash bituminous coal (Ekibastuz coal) and co-fired in the laboratory scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor (BFB) at a bed temperature of 850 °C. The co-firing tests of RDF to coal samples were conducted under various proportions to analyze flue gas compositions. Experiments were carried in the presence of bed material (sand), and the fuel particles were fed in batch mode into the hot riser. The BFB reactor had a height of 760 mm and internal diameter of 48 mm. The gaseous products in the flue gas were analyzed by FTIR spectrometry (Gasmet Dx4000). Ash composition was examined by XRD, XRF, SEM, and PSD. The results showed that a high RDF content decreased SO2 emissions to 28 ppm, while it negatively affected NOx release to 1400 ppm, owing to excess air. The emissions of gases from different blended samples and mineral transformations were investigated and discussed in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Waste Biomass)
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13 pages, 1997 KiB  
Article
A Technical Analysis of Solid Recovered Fuel from Torrefied Jatropha Seed Residue via a Two-Stage Mechanical Screw Press and Solvent Extraction Process
by Min-Hao Yuan, Chia-Chi Chang, Tsung-Chi Hsu, Je-Lueng Shie, Yi-Hung Chen, Ching-Yuan Chang, Cheng-Fang Lin, Chang-Ping Yu, Chao-Hsiung Wu, Manh Van Do, Far-Ching Lin, Duu-Jong Lee, Bo-Liang Liu, Yen-Hau Chen and Michael Huang
Energies 2021, 14(23), 7876; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237876 - 24 Nov 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1461
Abstract
This study investigated the torrefaction of de-oiled Jatropha seed residue after a two-stage sequential process consisting of mechanical screw pressing and solvent extraction using n-hexane (denoted as JMS). The optimal torrefaction temperature (Tr) and torrefaction time (tr) were determined [...] Read more.
This study investigated the torrefaction of de-oiled Jatropha seed residue after a two-stage sequential process consisting of mechanical screw pressing and solvent extraction using n-hexane (denoted as JMS). The optimal torrefaction temperature (Tr) and torrefaction time (tr) were determined in the ranges of 260–300 °C and 10–60 min, respectively, so to achieve a better heating value and satisfactory energy densification (ED) with acceptable mass loss. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to elucidate the thermal decomposition behaviors of JMS. By comparison with the torrefaction of Jatropha seed residue after mechanical oil extraction by screw pressing only (namely, JMET), the results indicated that the ED of the torrefaction of JMS yielding the torrefied product JMST (two-stage product) was higher than that of the torrefaction of JME giving the torrefied product JMET (single-stage product). Further, it was found that JMET contained some tar, which was attributed to a thermal reaction in the residual oil in JME during torrefaction. The tar/oil content of JMET was about 1.0–1.8 wt.% in the determined optimal conditions. Thus, the enhanced recovery of the residual oil is advantageous not only because it allows obtaining more oil from Jatropha seed residue with a positive net energy gain but also because it prevents the formation of tar in torrefied biomass products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Waste Biomass)
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Review

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16 pages, 1370 KiB  
Review
Biological Hydrogen Production from Biowaste Using Dark Fermentation, Storage and Transportation
by Domagoj Talapko, Jasminka Talapko, Ivan Erić and Ivana Škrlec
Energies 2023, 16(8), 3321; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16083321 - 07 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3633
Abstract
Hydrogen is widely considered as the fuel of the future. Due to the challenges present during hydrogen production using conventional processes and technologies, additional methods must be considered, like the use of microorganisms. One of the most promising technologies is dark fermentation, a [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is widely considered as the fuel of the future. Due to the challenges present during hydrogen production using conventional processes and technologies, additional methods must be considered, like the use of microorganisms. One of the most promising technologies is dark fermentation, a process where microorganisms are utilized to produce hydrogen from biomass. The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the biological processes of hydrogen production, specifically emphasizing the dark fermentation process. This kind of fermentation involves bacteria, such as Clostridium and Enterobacterium, to produce hydrogen from organic waste. Synthetic microbial consortia are also discussed for hydrogen production from different types of biomasses, including lignocellulosic biomass, which includes all biomass composed of lignin and (hemi)cellulose, sugar-rich waste waters, and others. The use of genetic engineering to improve the fermentation properties of selected microorganisms is also considered. Finally, the paper covers the important aspect of hydrogen management, including storage, transport, and economics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Waste Biomass)
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18 pages, 1508 KiB  
Review
Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges in Sustainable Management of Rice Straw Waste Biomass for Green Biorefinery
by Ranju Kumari Rathour, Mamta Devi, Pushpak Dahiya, Nitish Sharma, Neelam Kaushik, Dolly Kumari, Pradeep Kumar, Rama Raju Baadhe, Abhishek Walia, Arvind Kumar Bhatt and Ravi Kant Bhatia
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1429; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031429 - 01 Feb 2023
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3655
Abstract
Waste rice straw biomass and its burning in open fields have become a serious issue of greenhouse gases emission and air pollution, which has a negative impact on public health and the environment. However, the environmental impact of burning this agro-waste can be [...] Read more.
Waste rice straw biomass and its burning in open fields have become a serious issue of greenhouse gases emission and air pollution, which has a negative impact on public health and the environment. However, the environmental impact of burning this agro-waste can be mitigated by diverting it towards green biorefinery through the sustainable production of energy, biofuels, organic chemicals, and building blocks for various polymers. This will not only help to reduce the reliance on limited fuels and various chemicals derived from petroleum, but also help in the restoration of the environment in a sustainable manner through its complete utilization. To maximize the inherent conversion potential of rice straw biomass into valuable products, this agriculture waste biomass requires a comprehensive analysis and a techno-economic review for its sustainable management. This review article focuses on the sustainable management of rice straw waste biomass via innovative valorization approaches, as well as the opportunities and challenges encountered in this sector for meeting the demand of current and future green biorefineries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Waste Biomass)
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