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Optimizing Power-to-X Pathways for Renewable Energy Utilization and Carbon-Neutral Transitions

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A: Sustainable Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2026) | Viewed by 1234

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Energy, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: renewable energy; green hydrogen; electricity market; energy system modeling; mathematical optimization

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Energy, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
Interests: power system; smart grid; demand response; intelligent energy systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are delighted to invite submissions to a Special Issue of Energies, titled “Optimizing Power-to-X Pathways for Renewable Energy Utilization and Carbon-Neutral Transitions”. As the world accelerates its transition toward sustainable energy systems, the integration of Power-to-X (PtX) technologies with renewable sources has emerged as a critical pathway for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, enhancing grid flexibility, and enabling seasonal energy storage. This Special Issue seeks to showcase high-quality research addressing the challenges and opportunities in coupling PtX with renewable energy to achieve a carbon-neutral future.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Dynamic operation, control, and scheduling of PtX systems under renewable variability.
  • Advanced materials and catalysis for improving efficiency in hydrogen, methane, methanol, or ammonia synthesis.
  • Hybrid energy system design integrating PtX with solar, wind, or offshore renewables, or biomass.
  • Grid-supporting services and multi-energy sector coupling via PtX.
  • AI, machine learning, and digital twin applications for predictive control and optimization.
  • Techno-economic analysis, lifecycle assessment, and policy implications for large-scale PtX deployment.
  • Novel PtX applications in industry, transportation, and energy storage.

We welcome original research articles and comprehensive reviews that present innovative methodologies, experimental validations, or real-world implementations.

Dr. Sina Ghaemi
Dr. Hessam Golmohamadi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • renewable energy integration
  • power-to-x (PtX)
  • energy storage
  • green hydrogen
  • energy system flexibility
  • grid balancing

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 2246 KB  
Article
Optimal Sizing and Hourly Scheduling of Wind-PV-Battery Systems for Islanded Expressway Service Area Microgrids Under Tiered Electricity Pricing
by Yaguang Shi, Zhangjie Liu and Mandi He
Energies 2026, 19(8), 1985; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19081985 - 20 Apr 2026
Viewed by 287
Abstract
External electricity supplementation for islanded microgrids at expressway service areas is often settled under tiered electricity pricing based on cumulative energy consumption, where marginal prices increase discontinuously once tier thresholds are exceeded. This mechanism reshapes battery dispatch behavior and may alter economically optimal [...] Read more.
External electricity supplementation for islanded microgrids at expressway service areas is often settled under tiered electricity pricing based on cumulative energy consumption, where marginal prices increase discontinuously once tier thresholds are exceeded. This mechanism reshapes battery dispatch behavior and may alter economically optimal storage sizing. This paper proposes a unified planning—operation optimization framework for wind–PV–battery microgrids that jointly determines the storage capacity and hourly scheduling while enforcing power balance, battery state-of-charge dynamics, and tiered settlement costs. By introducing tier-wise energy allocation variables and tier cap constraints, the nonlinear settlement rule is reformulated into an equivalent piecewise-linear structure, leading to a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that can be solved using standard optimization solvers. A season-weighted annualized case study using four typical seasonal days reveals critical cross-tier dispatch behaviors, where charging–discharging schedules shift near tier boundaries and external electricity purchases are actively suppressed from entering higher-priced tiers. The proposed framework quantifies the premium-avoidance value of storage and provides a practical decision support tool for premium risk-aware sizing and operation of islanded expressway service-area microgrids. Full article
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19 pages, 2493 KB  
Article
Enhancing Power-to-Hydrogen Flexibility Through Optimal Bidding in Nordic Energy Activation Market with Wind Integration
by Sina Ghaemi, Sreelatha Aihloor Subramanyam, Hessam Golmohamadi, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam and Birgitte Bak-Jensen
Energies 2025, 18(21), 5734; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215734 - 31 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 671
Abstract
The recent updates to the Single Day-Ahead Coupling (SDAC) framework in the European energy market, along with new rules for providing manual frequency restoration reserve (mFRR) products in the Nordic Energy Activation Market (EAM), have introduced a finer Market Time Unit (MTU) resolution. [...] Read more.
The recent updates to the Single Day-Ahead Coupling (SDAC) framework in the European energy market, along with new rules for providing manual frequency restoration reserve (mFRR) products in the Nordic Energy Activation Market (EAM), have introduced a finer Market Time Unit (MTU) resolution. These developments underscore the growing importance of flexible assets, such as power-to-hydrogen (PtH) facilities, in delivering system flexibility. However, to successfully participate in such markets, well-designed and accurate bidding strategies are essential. To fulfill this aim, this paper proposes a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to determine the optimal bidding strategies for a typical PtH facility, accounting for both the technical characteristics of the involved technologies and the specific participation requirements of the mFRR EAM. The study also explores the economic viability of sourcing electricity from nearby wind turbines (WTs) under a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The simulation is conducted using a case study of a planned PtH facility at the Port of Hirtshals, Denmark. Results demonstrate that participation in the mFRR EAM, particularly through the provision of downward regulation, can yield significant economic benefits. Moreover, involvement in the mFRR market reduces power intake from the nearby WTs, as capacity must be reserved for downward services. Finally, the findings highlight the necessity of clearly defined business models for such facilities, considering both technical and economic aspects. Full article
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